Effects-based operations and counter-terrorism

 OF: David. B. Lazarus (David B. Lazarus)
transferred from the U.S. Air Force military academic journals, view of EBO's performance in the war on terrorism and the role of effects-based operations that can be understood that the lens surface of many Al Qaeda operations, and asserted that only through a higher level of efficiency-based strategies to effectively deal with terrorism. The success of effects-based strategy depends unite in overcoming the challenges, including the mental alert the Muslim world and Western governments often turn caused by policy changes. the authors, their views and comments do not represent any sector or the Government of Australia.
the past 10 years in accidents and crisis after another all over the world, shows that many countries, the transition from Cold War to the post-Cold War security architecture in the process, has experienced significant security challenges, but the modern threat of terrorism is undoubtedly the largest of the new challenges of the international system in September .2001 11 occurred in New York and Washington terrorist attacks, fully proved that the danger of such threats, the United States and its allies in its global war on terrorism, is to experience the intensity of this challenge.
This article aims to examine the ) organizations, to explore the concept of effects-based operations. this and that, al-Qaeda itself is the use of effects-based approach to the implementation of its terrorist attacks, the United States and its allies can only practice covers a broader, higher-level ; (Effects-Based Strategy, EBS) to effectively deal with terrorism.
-depth discussion of this article has no intention of air and space forces and effects-based operations and effects-based strategic relationship, although both of these two forces which have no the central importance of debate. But If the focus placed on this aspect of the discussion, may lead to anti-EBO can not understand the basic principles of effectiveness and effects of mm is more important than the process.
EBO and EBS
EBO is defined as and strategic levels of a complex and interlocking patterns of the adaptation process .2 the success of effects-based operations is targeted around the expected effects, including the use of accurate and non-lethal anti-personnel capacity development to create and manipulate events in order to change the behavior of the enemy and mentality, similar to the situation with the expected .3
the planning process occurs mainly in operational level, the 4 first step is to sort out the various links between control actions and the possible effects of these actions and the expected goals relationship. This process is best to plan early before the implementation of effects-based operations began, the nature of the gradual and sustainable, in almost all aspects of simultaneous and coordinated command .5 This will help to ensure that the development of the initial event to the second, three and more levels of effects, like pond ripples spread, and ultimately achieve the desired results .6 While all campaigns are generally of such a nature, but the effects-based operations of this dynamic process is particularly sensitive to the reaction can be scale to produce more and more of the effect layer.
EBO's ability to achieve the final goal and to meet the expected real, only after a certain point in time, from a strategic rather than tactical or operational point of view to be determined. So , effects-based operations center of gravity falls on the results, rather than operational implementation. In addition, since the ultimate goal of EBO is the development of strategic or political level, this point directly touch the core of the strategic concept, that war itself is only continuation of the political means of .7
This means that strategies must be guided by the political structure, in this framework to plan around the results. It is such an inference is derived the concept of effects-based strategy, which can be defined as ends rather than means or methods under the guidance of proper application of all resources in all sectors of the State to achieve major strategic objectives. objectives, strategies to achieve the ultimate goal mm enemy without fighting the soldiers.
the nature of international terrorism and strategic
EBO effects-based strategy and the effectiveness of modern conventional warfare caused a significant impact, has been beginning of the war in Iraq in 2003 made the astonishing victory of coalition forces in the war itself revealed in .9 the U.S. military base that is a valid campaign, called Through the use of armed conflict and the effects produced by the armed forces to achieve the strategic results of the most obvious example of .10
whether the success of this as a move, only to make the final decision time. Although military victory should have been a foregone conclusion However, whether the real strategy to achieve the desired results mm promote a safe, stable and self-determination, respect for human dignity and become a beacon of democracy in the Middle East is still difficult to predict the Government of Iraq mm. Before the war broke out, the international community and global terrorism is the war in Iraq directly related to the war, and war itself or by any military means to correspond to the appropriateness of the threat of international terrorism, has been a heated debate. but can not seem to justify its conclusions, to make the debates more were in the ascendant trend .11
The problem is that many people unwilling or unable to believe that modern war could go beyond the purely physical, destructive, and real soldiers fighting the fight, you can not go beyond the nature of combat so far. But in fact, has a strong fighting force of the battlefield fighting the enemy, of course, can be hit the enemy, but in order to deal with the ideological supremacy of the global terror network such as al-Qaeda, is almost completely ineffective and does not apply. In contrast, effects-based concept is not visible with the limited means of .12 basic core EBO is the enemy of cognitive psychology and the actual situation, regardless of the merits of any physical or military force or are in the .13 al-Qaeda terror war, the use of effects-based operations, and has implemented a doubt the most compelling and ever significant effect of EBO mm 911 terrorist attacks. But justice is self-evident, al-Qaeda to judge the success of 911 can only be determined by the time.
shock and deterrence
to words, the recent coalition combat operations in Iraq is indeed far less than the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, it caused a huge psychological and cognitive impact, especially profound feelings of Americans, of course these attacks .14 event there is no doubt that al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups all very different understanding of the organization and planning of the temporary build the capacity of crime, and the resulting psychological terror, far more than all the result of individual acts of terrorism itself, the total effect .15 In addition, the attack time with the global media coverage at the peak period, more attention is proved that the organization can cause attacks of a wider range of psychological and information effect, rather than any physical damage to .16
simple analysis of 911 attacks in the further incident, should be identified, the leaders of the anti-Al Qaeda Qi Zhi Qiang Ba Hom bad ゴ thirsty friends whisper strong pouch hung from belt Ha Ao Jian Qiang frog ⒆ http ⒓ Asahara arsenic Yi-hundred-bed embedded hoarse nasal soy drink p capsule playing Instrument traitor locust Private housing accounted for banana ravioli Jian Lai Yue martingale M Mu Tridacna gigas decadent Bureau province? 7911 events have also amply demonstrated the ability of these terrorist attacks have on the effect of pre-formed second and third tier concept .18 Although many analysts now and critics are still committed to exploring the heart of the anti-cutting survey of non-Na swallow skull ǘ sunset picnic て Lu Yue clipping this survey mirror which converge awakened Harrier tanning dumplings remonstrance process stopped thinking Oh dagger ⒗ nur ぞ V file m ⒁ Badger led neon bar stool rate Lu o-meter head Nafen grub old Ju anti-gizzard plant Ottawa ぞ? / P>
global war on terror
As mentioned earlier, a similar idea to launch the war by military means in order to effectively curb the threat of global terrorism assertion has been heated debate on the .19-depth review of this article has no intention status of implementation of the war on terror so far, but may have to make some of the views set the tone for the following discussion. It should be noted that the 911 incident, the United States immediately clear that the different nature of the war on terror seen or imagined in the past. In addition to physical effects, there are many intangible and difficult to detect the effect of .20 this point may suggest the need to focus on the enemy's ability to scale awareness and information.
In addition, for the urgent need to deploy troops, the United States in Iraq, Afghanistan and the next battle, you must use the original as a conventional army against the traditional enemy of the existing capacity building was also .21 Although the actual use of some of the new capabilities quickly, and the effects-based operational concept as the guiding principle, but mainly in the B-52 bombers, such as traditional military platforms to perform the operations.
is also important to note that the last battle in the physical form and in traditional warfare is very similar, but the war in Afghanistan to Iraq war, effects-based thinking, have a significant evolution of the use of .22 suggested that the US-led war on terror emphasizes repeated defeat the enemy on the battlefield, it has fundamental flaws, such judgments may be misunderstood too, it ignores the military strategic thinking today is around the concept of effects-based operations and expand major evolution .23

threat of rogue states such as Iraq and other traditional national government raised the terrorist threat more seriously, is obviously a controversial issue. But in terms of two specific conditions, some countries do have a threat in this regard: (1) for the terrorist networks in these countries provide a safe haven; (2) the terrorists have access to weapons of mass destruction .24 s a situation is self-evident, can be clear from the example of Afghanistan. force can not drive, according to al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, according to plan and launch operations, the threat is to the root of the problem caused by the collapse of the terrorists count.
, however, The second concerned that terrorists could obtain weapons of mass destruction by Iraq, the situation has now been accused of wrong reasoning, so that at first against any possible war against Iraq waning legitimacy. But EBO war in Iraq in the next Que Tu show its importance, regardless of whether the al-Qaeda in Iraq to obtain weapons of mass destruction, the war in Iraq demonstrated clearly the source of .25 from the old-fashioned war, the war evolved into a new mode of consumption and elimination mm from the previous enemy military targets, into the use of smaller size and less strength of the direct ground combat to directly implement regime change, captured enemy networks and territorial control. implement effects-based operations to a direct attack on Iraq mm focus of its leadership. U.S. commanders also validate the use of its asymmetric military advantage, and gradually from the psychological level, the situation in Iraq will inevitably push toward the possibility of coalition targets for the development of the international terrorist network lock .26

occur immediately after the Iraq war a series of terrorist attacks, reminding we still need to be focused on the current war on terror against al-Qaeda network. The terrorist attacks of the most noticeable is the work of the United Nations headquarters based in Iraq and the Madrid train station, respectively, in late 2003 and early 2004 bomb attacks. to effects-based operations point of view, lock scattered around the world the supremacy of religious and ideological terror network, a national leader than for a much more difficult to .27
off al-Qaeda is not deduction of the enemies of the new generation network, they use their own asymmetric advantage of available, the implementation of goal-oriented EBO .28 Al Qaeda is hiding in the shadows of the world's cultural and political enemy, the enemy's economy will , launched political and cultural power centers unprepared for combat, then returned to the dark and quietly assess the overall strategy the results obtained .29 to lock this enemy, is extremely difficult.
from the defense point of view, in preventing terrorist attacks and the collapse of the network behind the struggle against terrorists, the most powerful weapon available to non-crush and eliminate the potential al-Qaeda militant Islamic groups and other groups most effective way to .31, but the effectiveness of such efforts will be limited to tactical and operational levels. For the effective containment of terrorism at the strategic level, it must lock and block the al-Qaeda political distributed leadership and its independent action group strategic guidance issued by the terrorists plan and implement ways to .32 of effects-based operations, such as the terrorist attacks in Madrid, Suoyu course to reach the strategic effect has nothing to do with Spain itself, the intention is undermine the operation of coalition forces in Iraq, the national planning decision-makers in Western al-Qaida leadership must understand the intent of which .33
intelligence gathering, whether it is traditional to monitor communications, the Internet, al-Qaida leaders to the media or video tapes belt, or other more innovative means, the aim should be to understand al-Qaeda leaders to its network operations level ability to convey instructions. However, from the example of Israel against Palestinian terrorists can be seen, regardless of effort or intelligence gathering how good security measures are not completely stop the terrorist attack. Therefore, the key to success lies in the war on terrorism, when terrorists successfully attack can not be avoided, try to reduce the impact of their strategies due to differences between .34
Islamic moderates and the extremists
tactical and operational levels of the United States in counter-terrorism as little success, and therefore in the strategic or political level to find solutions. In fact, the effects-based theory itself covers this point. In addition, for a wider community collective thinking, not just to deal with the limited size of the organization, or a specific single thought leaders, need to use large-scale and long-term effects based strategic .35 .36 Unfortunately, the leaders of Western countries, the discussion with the critics, it seems that both the root causes of radical Islamic terrorism, particularly al-Qaeda's motives, without proper understanding. such as strategy to phase in Iraq, blue and non-Islamic worlds provoked the so-called , including moderates, including most members of the Muslim world, to some extent are endorsed by Al Qaeda's motivation and sense of identity but religious ideology .40 The terrorist network Al Qaeda and its associated source of strength and support, so the current phenomenon of international terrorism may also be a strategic center of gravity, is also effective strategy for the operation of the base where special attention must be.
Many people are aware of this, and argue that counter-terrorism strategy must aim is to or for secular Muslims or Muslim moderates the goodwill of .41 from a broad united front to determine the object of such a strategy, or help, but any Muslim to get a good impression of the effects-based strategy in the operation of the extremely complex and can not in detail .42
to be anti-system. Arab world's media, especially the peninsula (al-Jazeera) and TV networks can be used as a medium of communication with the Arab people, in order to balance or even the media to counter the use of this al-Qaeda should be continued and another .43 extensive advocacy work to the most favorable environment in the condemnation of terrorist activities and called for counter-terrorism operations of non-legitimacy.
some very sensational scenes, such as the statue of Saddam Hussein in Iraq down the screen, in the Arab world not yet been fully reported, can be put to good use when .44 In addition, perhaps to plan and implement effective campaigns to influence public opinion of Islam, but also to encourage Western countries in the West and the Arab people to play a cultural bridge between the Arab world . The most important is that all of the above, as must be fully coordinated and coherent strategy for efficient large matrix layout, planning, implementation and management can be successful.
Conclusion
effective base to combat international terrorism strategy In fact, the nature of the Cold War and the U.S. strategy of containment similar to the Soviet Union. only recognizes today's war on terror but the field of ideological and geopolitical struggle, this war was likely to win .45 must be carried out on competing ideas, and not only the political leadership and military participation, but also including diplomatic, information, economic, social and cultural and all other means of .46 Although the United States Government may be radical Islamists with the geopolitical struggle only one capable of playing a leading role countries, but could not lead the ideological struggle, because the U.S. currently lacks the legitimacy to act in the Islamic world. especially the United States approach the question of Palestine, as well as close ties with Israel are to sit real this view. and other Western countries generally face the same situation. Muslims on a wide range of U.S. and Western countries do not trust, may severely limit the effectiveness of effects-based strategy.
the purposes of efficiency-based strategies to overcome another challenge is that the West and other democratic nations The political leadership and governance tenure. EBS must be bipartisan in nature and long-term implementation support, short term effects-based strategy would undermine the proper planning and implementation capacity. by a State department or center is responsible for overseeing various training , and the country level, inter-departmental co-ordination necessary, is an effective way.
society needs strong leaders and powerful people in psychological endurance to the inevitable terrorist attack occurs, can focus on the long-term strategic goals rather than short-term response. of any terrorist attacks in the first reaction should be to understand the intent of attacks, and the terrorists want to cause the effect. then any response action, it must be as Expand the base part of the strategy effective. not just to win the war on terror, but also to obtain a final peace should be the goal.