Link I this year, seventeen and eighteen, the time to get up every day from 12 noon into a 7 am, sleep time from early morning into a 23:00; me this year, seventeen and eighteen, work in contact with all sorts of people started to see friends and relatives, they no longer ask you how many points the exam, but to ask how much you pay, marriage did not; I this year, seventeen and eighteen, chat topics change from a variety of online games into cars, houses; I this year, seventeen and eighteen, feeling every day school work is no longer the number of job finish
empathy, and resonant
, cost much, much is left, started saving money to buy the house ... ...
video clip Because fully with a sense of real life in the realistic way to think, video, broadcast by a netizen called
netizens . In fact, we knew it,
have no choice, more responsibility
growth path in the controversial Family, Although the back of each label helplessness, but also a group of strong and sense of responsibility.
He was born in 1988 in Changchun, a senior at Polytechnic University students, no to two seventeen and eighteen. He believes that
. learn to live, life and ideals can try to go hand in hand.
face reality, save the dream
East China Normal University Institute of Sociology
Man Army that China's reform and opening up for more than 30 years to grow up, have some time reasons, but denied that this is still a With the constant changes in society, to allow the individual needs of each group and the thought of the surge.
after a 70-company CEOs, said he also saw online, read enough, read, and to know how to treat our young people, it will not be lit year after year for the recruitment difficulties.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Tu Wei-ming - Zander on the dialogue of civilization and cultural diversity
Tu Wei-ming and Sandell
on the conditions of globalization and cultural diversity among civilizations dialogue
Time: 6:30-8:30
evening of May 27 Location: 1st Floor, Yifu Building, Fudan University Report Office
Moderator: Professor Wei Sen, vice president of Fudan Economics
(based on transcripts)
and Writing: Liang Yiwen, Chang (Shan + Hill)
revision
Moderator Wei Liang Jie Johnson: Ladies and gentlemen, good evening! Today we are very honored to have the contemporary master of the world's two thoughts, two prominent Harvard professors, Sandor (Michael Sandel) Professor and Professor Tu Weiming, in front of us for a Field spectacular dialogue. in the beginning of the dialogue, please allow me to do them two professors brief.
Sandel, a Harvard professor Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Chair. His books include The case against perfection: The ethics of genetic engineering. taught undergraduate and graduate courses of contemporary political philosophy, including ; of fairness Europe, Japan, India, Korea, Australia, New Zealand and other countries has given presentations, and in 1998 at Oxford University as a Now here is a brief introduction Professor Tu Weiming. on the Doo, you may already be familiar with. As a renowned the world, modern Confucianism Eastern philosopher and one of the representatives, Professor Tu Weiming of Harvard University has been appointed the Harvard - Yenching Society president than a decade. Mr. Du graduated from Tunghai University in Taiwan in 1961, 1962 by the Harvard-Yenching Institute at Harvard University for postgraduate scholarship. have obtained master's at Harvard, Ph.D., has taught at Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley in 1981 has taught at Harvard University In 1988, Tu was elected Fellow of American Arts and Social Sciences, Harvard University, is currently Professor of Literature and Philosophy Academia Sinica, Chairman of Advisory Board, member of the World Economic Forum in Davos, United Nations to promote dialogue among civilizations distinguished members of the group, and since 1996 has served as Yenching Institute. as an international academic and contemporary Chinese and representatives of Neo-Confucianism, Professor Tu Weiming of the Confucian tradition of China into the center of modern Confucian culture in the modernization of the role of different types of modern, pluralistic world of modern and so on major issues of contemporary theoretical develop their own. published 11 books in English, Chinese, 16 books, published hundreds of articles. his thoughts widely valued by scholars, resulting in a worldwide impact. because of their outstanding contribution, Tu Wei-ming in 2001 and 2002, respectively, won the Research Award of the Ninth International Toegye and the United Nations awarded the eco-religious awards.
in your two begin their dialogue famous professor, I especially would like to share here also introduce the two of them are not only thinking of the contemporary world famous master of the two, and at Harvard University are two of the most popular teachers of students. For example, Zander lecturing professor at Harvard's Chinese philosophy and ethics class in China is also very popular, said every year there are hundreds of people listening to his lesson. Tonight, let each of us here to listen to their conversation in person presentations, to see the two of them are why the class at Harvard so popular. Now, I put the time to the two professors.
Tu Wei-ming: This is a dialogue, it can be said is very formal. We also hope that you can prepare in time to talk about to us or any one of us questions, of course, I also want to hear your comments and views. I know, Professor Zander has been a long time, two years before he and I had such a dialogue at Harvard University, We are also trying to publish the transcript of that published the Chinese version if possible so that everyone will see. you should know, Professor Sandel opened the political science curriculum, so far, at Harvard it is the most popular and most important The most substantial political science class. And I though only the size of classes taught in small classes, but I like to discuss with the students. because they talk to me all the time had considered beforehand.
First of all, let me briefly to ask a question, I think this is a context of globalization, and issues related to human care, a problem related to the field of political science. My question is: liberals believe that we should not be pointing people how or how survive, but to give them free and let them choose their own lives. may appear, this is a proposition acceptable to all. but let me interested in is that people have been arguing for this place. I want to ask is, who control or arrange for the relationship between the political forces, I also very much focused on economic growth and development of links between the wealthy class. According to some local observations, the ability of liberals to the market economy into question also raised some questions about how we should understand the growing market economy and many are concerned with the ultra-liberal. I basically agree with the idea of such research, since it is through dialogue in the form of a topic I mentioned , related to ultra-liberal and liberal practice in the United States, I can tell you a lot of control issues related to the argument. So we start here, I have the mountains for a dialogue now.
Sandel: very grateful to Professor Tu. I'll be answering Professor Tu's such a great proposition, but first I want to say to Fudan University to give lectures on is a great honor for me, I've long heard of this school. The can be with my friends, but also the object that I can learn - Professor Tu Weiming sitting here, it makes my point. He studied the problem is to try to find the traditional resource materials, and then thinking the relationship between public morality and the times. This not limited to the classic study of traditional Confucianism, or the traditional sense of morality, the soul and the relationship between religion and the public a try. so I am very honored to start this dialogue and Professor Tu.
So now let me begin to answer For just under liberalism and liberal communitarianism problem. liberalism contains too many meanings, so I have to figure out what we are discussing what kind of liberalism. Broadly speaking, the traditional liberal Political Science is about individual rights, respect for freedom, respect for individual ideas. at this level, roughly speaking, I do not support the liberal view. I admit to respect individual freedom is very important, but also respect for the moral religious tradition, I do not oppose such content. But in the community criticism of Liberalism, the combination of that part of my research, I do not agree with the liberal philosophy is mainly another point of view, that is, without too much about life and virtues of the concept of discussion and reflection on the premise alone, starting from the desire to satisfy self to simply define our and free discussions, then these arguments and the meaning of life, and discuss together the meaning of virtue is necessary and must be seen to understand. I really do not agree with the place is not no. power is of course important, In my view, the relationship between such things are indivisible, not talk separately. that the role of public affairs in the public domain single concept is not appropriate. Modern politics of the most influential liberals such as the Law Wales and Habermas agree that public affairs should be life, the concept of virtue and the like to distinguish. Citizens should limit this doctrine in the private area, making the public domain important moral, spiritual and other elements is empty, has nothing to with it. The real communitarianism is that the ethical spirit of public governance are inextricably linked. This is my understanding of this issue for a summary of it. how do you think?
Tu Wei-ming: To me, your argument is persuasive. I also believe that religion and ethics for today's public is very important. This knowledge not only from the bottom of my heart feelings. For example, Lo Wales this we respected scholar, should be considered the most important 20th century pioneer in the field of political science. He believes that with the spirit of religion-related things that should not be implanted into the scope of discussion in the public domain. allows people worry about is that, for religion and the understanding of the meaning of life, there are too many different ideas, too many different opinions. Once this allows people to argue in the public domain, certainly there will be differences, and the community is likely to This discussion can not be balanced. This forces try to avoid such a deep discussion and public affairs into contact. I think I am more inclined to this view. This concern is not temporary, in reality, how should we view this kind of problem then ?
Sandel: You raised a very important point. People often try to separate the concept of a universal public affairs with the moral, religious relations, which is tolerance, dissent and other quality related. No matter what the society will have people object to these things. These are real. then I say, the liberal tradition was not born there, is created by man, is a response to world religions. as in Europe, liberalism have been a hundred years of history. Similarly, we can easily trace the historical context that the development of communitarianism, as mentioned by Professor Tu, the private sector and the interdependence of the public domain is emphasized by the content of communitarianism. Many political science we all hold this view. But the question now is: Even with recognition of the history of the problems has been a consensus, but still may have two reactions cause for concern. The first reaction is that since We have positions, ideas, differences, then it should be insisted. This response ignores the political commentary, as liberals will be moved out of the political opposition outside the context of the same. The other is respect for the dissenting response, not to escape but to face a different view, arguing with them, listen to different points of view, and then learn from each other and promote consensus. The second is my understanding of the true depth of communitarianism. In practice, the community of public area overhead, but people can not live without a moral religious significance in the public areas of life.
Tu: About 15 years ago or longer time period, I have continued to participate in a dialogue on the discussion of communitarianism, including and Kong Hans scholars such dialogue. many political parties are very concerned about this, start the universal ethics of global research. although I do not agree with many points of view, and I think I have strong reason to refute them One suspect is aimed at different positions, different religious backgrounds argument object of respect. political dialogue is conducted within the world, such respect can achieve the desired results or is to be accepted, is doubtful.
Zander: I am with you always been interested in dialogue, Kong Hans. I think I have something in common with your point of view the place, so let me talk about my ideas, see if you agree. As you said, If you do not respect your talking to, then you are difficult to achieve the purpose of conversation, and I think such thoughts as Confucianism, has been advocated not to impose values upon others. When people fall into a long and continuing dispute When I do not think that such should have a correct answer to this problem, the problem unless we deeply into, or trapped in the process of dialogue and speculation, as also of no significance. no one can force others to argue, even if someone is willing to do such things. You know I think about this challenge in an article in the word, This is the difference between civilization and the gorilla. Why this is virtue? I can imagine the reason is that you may be convinced, I might be persuaded, but I do not think there any way to make people can help themselves. This is the destiny of humanity, is why the idea of political theory will always be the model of all things divine rule. In the eyes of some politicians, such thinking may be very reasonable, but I do not think there is any evidence to prove it .
Tu: First, I agree with you this view, and this reminds me of and a dialogue between Professor MacIntyre, according to my understanding, in order to prove this understanding, there will be more than an understanding, it will There are all kinds of life on a good understanding of understanding, or moral, in short, more than one. just like to say in Chinese classical In fact there may be four or five explanations for the different situations have different interpretations. Therefore, we must recognize that, otherwise it would cause a complete misunderstanding. On the other hand, you do not allow all opinions are equally respected by the . The question came, the key is how you that want to distinguish between these heterogeneous description of how we do it?
Sandel: I think, for example, this may well explain the concept. This example is the definition of the good life. In the ancient Western philosophy, Aristotle them, the problem is the supreme problem of human life, they are concerned about is the highest realm of what is human? kind of thinking the answer is full of life and the lives of philosophers . Aristotle does not agree that he considered political activity, participation in political activity, public life, it is full of thought for the answer to life a challenge. Aristotle thought the reason there is a certain human kinds of capabilities, the liberation of the public interest, the development of practical wisdom, this capability is only through some kind of civic life in order to be trained, is the political organization of life. No matter how smart philosopher, in an isolated environment in the practice of thinking the lack of participation in collective life, unrest, and controversial human activities, the lack of human capacity to fully develop these thinking hard for him to have success. So we have two explanations for the good life, a life full of thinking One is the life of the people involved in political activities. Ancient Greeks difficult choice, but of course the Greeks, including Aristotle might agree that there is a third possible explanation for the good life is the life of pleasure . But they all agree that this concept can not withstand scrutiny, it can not constitute the thinking of the third competition, but it is very popular, many people believe in this interpretation, simply fall into the pleasure of life, to meet sit the drink, spirits, but this is not what is the good life on an interpretation.
Tu: On the issue of market economy, a United States company to study ideology, that the existence of neo-conservatives and the market fundamentalists the Union. I think we are worried about the market, especially when it linked to the time of individualism. On the other hand, we all know the market is a strange power to generate wealth, will not agree with the way many of our operation. It is said that globalization, like water rising, so more people may be rich, but should not the poor poorer. It is also good. The problem is that the face of market forces, government and public intellectuals, as well as the whole community, should be how to deal with the resulting political problems?
Sandel: In the U.S., the real danger comes from the market. This is a powerful tool for affecting economic development, the risk of this tool can not be When people know, will bring great disaster. we transition to a market economy from the market society, the market ideology of dominant social relations, this is the real danger lies. This trend in the United States and even some European countries CKS place. So I advocate restrictions in some areas the market, of course, not a total ban, but to make them the market is in place to prevent the concept of commodity goods to other areas of market penetration. I think this is the United States and Europe need careful handling. I heard before coming to China to China's enormous economic reform, market reform and opening up, which is considered a great achievement. I also note that economic growth together with the arrival of the growing gap. Professor Tu Weiming soared mentioned, this is a saying to describe the market. But the fact was pointed out that the ship is not necessarily the water rose high, there are winners there are always losers, American society is so, the global economy is also true . For Westerners in China from a distance, they saw a problem, China's economic growth is very fast, when economic reforms will naturally lead to political reform? This is the attitude that they look at this situation. They feel that this is certain, this is the natural law, market economy, the reform is sure to bring political pressure, to democracy. But I do not think this is inevitable. I'm interested in what you say. I fear that China will have to face United States social consequences of the challenges for social cohesion, and soon established a form of political participation with the city, using the scale of the market this tool will cause the public great discussion. I do not think the U.S. market economy and democratic society, between the introduction of certainly, certainly, the inevitable association, but why the United States so sure? because I think that the market economy and democratic politics in between there is a pressure, we always feel them coming, free economy, democratic capitalism, it is natural that they have tied together. But I think in my country in Europe, in fact, the market value and the pressure between the democratic values, democratic values and the market in which there is always the conflict between the position, because of this pressure, I think we can not guarantee market economy and the inevitable correlation between democracy.
Tu: I agree with your theory of civic virtue, we must cultivate civic virtue, citizenship up to a sense of identity, so that not only stay in the ideological level, the same people also practice the form of a healthy body to confirm citizenship and civic participation. but a person as an economic, rational animal is very clear that their own interests, always trying to maximize the benefits. In this relatively free market competition, Of course the premise that compliance with the law, and this is the definition of economic man. It is very important, and with you on civil morality, contrary to the concept of collective solidarity.
Zander: Yes, through the practice of citizenship must be to develop . I think the composition of civic virtue, there are two essential elements or conditions. First Citizens must have a sense of belonging to a group identity, participation, loyalty, solidarity; the second constitutes a condition of civic virtue right to speak, able to influence government policy, or a kind of participation. in the United States, all kinds of challenges are overwhelming challenge. due to the strong tradition of individualism, hard to call a collective sense of solidarity or so members, so the United States individualism and non-traditional countries. the challenges facing the United States is how to overcome individualism and self-interest around the negative impact of mass culture for the public interest concerns. compared to the U.S., I tentatively made the following comparison, China the problems faced, are facing barriers leading to social morality, the second condition is the right to speak on the issue. As a collective sense of identity and loyalty to the organization, resulting in the Chinese tradition the absence of the right to speak, which is different from problem in the United States, it is the second condition of the problem is the right to speak is missing. This is the two required conditions, it is difficult to meet the two conditions. different societies face different problems to solve. < br> Tu: Perhaps the concept of a collective sense of a harmonious society was well represented. in the classical tradition, harmony is the opposite of monotony. A condition for the recognition of diversity, if you do not understand diversity, then you will understand harmony. Confucius, the Chinese people even before, there is awareness of the harmony of the classic manifestation of that is Chinese food. ancient emperor of a minister and dialogue between the emperor that his relationship with the minister is very harmonious, but the ministers strongly opposed. He said: just out of fear rule your compliance with the order, so your approach is uniform and not bring harmony, let me tell you what is harmonious. like the Chinese dishes, to stew a delicious soup, you need a lot of different seasoning, the salt, sour, sweet spices h you all together, it tastes delicious. but if you only as condiments, sweet or salty, do not drink out. Harmony means agree with you, so ministers disagree with you, and you can challenge your views, so as to be harmonious. would be very monotonous. So I think that harmony is not the only difference is a necessary condition for a harmonious, there is no difference, there is no harmony between the social wealth.
Sandel: I must admit, when I from the Chinese government where hear the efforts to build a rich and diverse society. I really appreciate the harmonious interpretation of Professor Tu, the opposite is the only harmonious, harmony is odd. When I first heard the harmonious society when I do not feel very comfortable, I would prefer a to the controversial community. but now I knew that he misunderstood the intention of the Chinese government, they are actually in the multiple demands, thanks for giving me such a new understanding. Although I'm not entirely sure whether this is also the understanding of government leaders. < br> Tu Wei-ming: Thank you, I do not know if deserve such praise. I do not sure if government leaders would agree with me, mainly it was my own thoughts. But I think this question is very important. recent published a book, American style.
Sandel: I now find themselves affected by the American bias, such as the judge of ultra-liberal. I even thought he was a mainstream of society against their own thoughts, but maybe now I find he is still an American thinker, so when they heard of instinctive aversion. I think of the French political thinker to a Jacques Rousseau b, he first proposed the modern political theory, to some extent also the first communist. he proposed the People as individuals should be thoroughly pursue personal interests. He said to achieve the objective of social contract should be concerned about the ideological self-interest of a correction. I too like to judge and analysis of American society. but when Rousseau develop their own silent. because if silent, no arguments, then it means that everyone will at the same level of public consensus, not different views, multiple disappear, this is for me a bit like a communist point of view. that is concerned about the common values of society, went to the extreme only the ideal, uniform, denying people the gap directly, will not have different opinions. Perhaps as an American thinking, and I prefer to discuss the life of major controversy thing. When I hear your explanation of harmony, I think, maybe the so-called silent Rousseau is what I mean. But maybe I understand the wrong.
Tu: I do not know your understanding is accurate. But this is a very interesting topic, when we talk to collective solidarity, we found that everyone in the group must agree to abide by certain basic principles or ideals, or completely different opinions can not form a group, some of the word reflects the All kind of bias and prejudice, and sometimes even worse. I very much agree with you about the discussion of Rousseau's general will, when a few people control the right to speak your opinion and when the change channels, but on the other hand, controversy is essential in the process of social construction, has more than proven by practice. we can imagine other cases, dialogue is not to change or even not to leave an opinion only, In order to correct the misunderstanding by not even to help others understand themselves. Why should we dialogue? a very important part of the dialogue is to listen. argument when we often do not like to listen. But the dialogue, you have to listen out from the other views. One of the advantages here is to improve their knowledge. because if you do not listen to other opinions, you will become very narrow field of vision, if you want to expand their knowledge, we must expose yourself to those completely different concept. Another very important factor, the results of the dialogue is to enhance the potential flexibility of their own to overcome the limitations of their own, in different contexts can be flexible and responsive. So this case, we can imagine a dialogue led by the vibrant, flexible society?
Sandel: I think it is perfectly conceivable. but I also have a little reservation. listen to your argument and say the difference between the dialogue, which makes me think my high school scene. When I again in high school, I joined the debate team, very serious discussions with others, and today the situation is very similar. we have a debate for a whole year, you must have done for the positive and negative themes preparation, and then participate in the debate, will tell you that today you are temporarily or anti-side square, then you must strive to defend their position. I suddenly thought that Parliament should debate mm unilaterally send troops to stop U.S. interference in the affairs, it is probably 1969 or 1970 at that time, of course, referred to here is to send troops for the war in Vietnam. These problems triggered a debate any time, of course, is not the purpose of argument in order to understand the other's point of view. In fact, you get the last day, For the other's point of view has already been prepared, you just want to overcome to convince the other side. You probably also the case of debate, not for the purpose of dialogue is a debate to debate, competitive. This is a very different activity, which is useful for young people to enable them to cultivate the ability to express their views, but this is not what we have discussed the cross-cultural understanding between the exchange model. Now I want to say about the one he is still hesitant place, perhaps with a certain discriminatory, perhaps not, if the dialogue just to understand each other's position that, ideally, is still possible. But for the following reasons, this dialogue can only be a sociology of religion, all the dialogue is just propaganda. genuine dialogue is different and the exchange of views, it is not intended to win, for the people involved is not without risk, I think the real dialogue can not rule out the danger, the danger is that you may give up their point of view. This means that the exchange of ideas in fact have some very compelling moments, neither side may change their views. In order to enter into a genuine cultural traditions and even a religion on the dialogue, I think There certainly exists danger, neither may change their point of view. If you sincerely, you may be losing their faith after the dialogue.
Tu: dialogue is a culture, do have you said dangerous. Perhaps you will still be unchanged in the dialogue, that this is not a real dialogue. a real conversation or even identify your own point of view, or you take the risk, as you said, to give up their point of view. I want to ask you, I know your personal beliefs of God, that is your personal beliefs. usually many Muslim pilgrims will go to Israel, read the also invited a lot of involvement with Jewish backgrounds, such as Putnam, Professor and so on. people together, one sentence read, items such experience you?
Sandel: This is an example. I think you created the model of learning Confucian texts, and we learn that the Jewish classical model is very similar. I am not the theory or a research traditional academics, but I am very interested to learn this thought, would like to learn more. So we Jewish scholars and researchers together to study, try to learn more about our own traditions, but also learn about traditional Chinese to understand the core activities of these civilizations is to be the kind of dialogue we call a prerequisite. I think that in our era of dialogue between civilizations biggest obstacle, not the people do not want to meet or dialogue, but we when faced with other cultures, they find that they actually know very little about their culture. So we must be more fuller understanding of our own traditions, and then go face the other cultures of the dialogue ....
on the conditions of globalization and cultural diversity among civilizations dialogue
Time: 6:30-8:30
evening of May 27 Location: 1st Floor, Yifu Building, Fudan University Report Office
Moderator: Professor Wei Sen, vice president of Fudan Economics
(based on transcripts)
and Writing: Liang Yiwen, Chang (Shan + Hill)
revision
Moderator Wei Liang Jie Johnson: Ladies and gentlemen, good evening! Today we are very honored to have the contemporary master of the world's two thoughts, two prominent Harvard professors, Sandor (Michael Sandel) Professor and Professor Tu Weiming, in front of us for a Field spectacular dialogue. in the beginning of the dialogue, please allow me to do them two professors brief.
Sandel, a Harvard professor Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Chair. His books include The case against perfection: The ethics of genetic engineering. taught undergraduate and graduate courses of contemporary political philosophy, including ; of fairness Europe, Japan, India, Korea, Australia, New Zealand and other countries has given presentations, and in 1998 at Oxford University as a Now here is a brief introduction Professor Tu Weiming. on the Doo, you may already be familiar with. As a renowned the world, modern Confucianism Eastern philosopher and one of the representatives, Professor Tu Weiming of Harvard University has been appointed the Harvard - Yenching Society president than a decade. Mr. Du graduated from Tunghai University in Taiwan in 1961, 1962 by the Harvard-Yenching Institute at Harvard University for postgraduate scholarship. have obtained master's at Harvard, Ph.D., has taught at Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley in 1981 has taught at Harvard University In 1988, Tu was elected Fellow of American Arts and Social Sciences, Harvard University, is currently Professor of Literature and Philosophy Academia Sinica, Chairman of Advisory Board, member of the World Economic Forum in Davos, United Nations to promote dialogue among civilizations distinguished members of the group, and since 1996 has served as Yenching Institute. as an international academic and contemporary Chinese and representatives of Neo-Confucianism, Professor Tu Weiming of the Confucian tradition of China into the center of modern Confucian culture in the modernization of the role of different types of modern, pluralistic world of modern and so on major issues of contemporary theoretical develop their own. published 11 books in English, Chinese, 16 books, published hundreds of articles. his thoughts widely valued by scholars, resulting in a worldwide impact. because of their outstanding contribution, Tu Wei-ming in 2001 and 2002, respectively, won the Research Award of the Ninth International Toegye and the United Nations awarded the eco-religious awards.
in your two begin their dialogue famous professor, I especially would like to share here also introduce the two of them are not only thinking of the contemporary world famous master of the two, and at Harvard University are two of the most popular teachers of students. For example, Zander lecturing professor at Harvard's Chinese philosophy and ethics class in China is also very popular, said every year there are hundreds of people listening to his lesson. Tonight, let each of us here to listen to their conversation in person presentations, to see the two of them are why the class at Harvard so popular. Now, I put the time to the two professors.
Tu Wei-ming: This is a dialogue, it can be said is very formal. We also hope that you can prepare in time to talk about to us or any one of us questions, of course, I also want to hear your comments and views. I know, Professor Zander has been a long time, two years before he and I had such a dialogue at Harvard University, We are also trying to publish the transcript of that published the Chinese version if possible so that everyone will see. you should know, Professor Sandel opened the political science curriculum, so far, at Harvard it is the most popular and most important The most substantial political science class. And I though only the size of classes taught in small classes, but I like to discuss with the students. because they talk to me all the time had considered beforehand.
First of all, let me briefly to ask a question, I think this is a context of globalization, and issues related to human care, a problem related to the field of political science. My question is: liberals believe that we should not be pointing people how or how survive, but to give them free and let them choose their own lives. may appear, this is a proposition acceptable to all. but let me interested in is that people have been arguing for this place. I want to ask is, who control or arrange for the relationship between the political forces, I also very much focused on economic growth and development of links between the wealthy class. According to some local observations, the ability of liberals to the market economy into question also raised some questions about how we should understand the growing market economy and many are concerned with the ultra-liberal. I basically agree with the idea of such research, since it is through dialogue in the form of a topic I mentioned , related to ultra-liberal and liberal practice in the United States, I can tell you a lot of control issues related to the argument. So we start here, I have the mountains for a dialogue now.
Sandel: very grateful to Professor Tu. I'll be answering Professor Tu's such a great proposition, but first I want to say to Fudan University to give lectures on is a great honor for me, I've long heard of this school. The can be with my friends, but also the object that I can learn - Professor Tu Weiming sitting here, it makes my point. He studied the problem is to try to find the traditional resource materials, and then thinking the relationship between public morality and the times. This not limited to the classic study of traditional Confucianism, or the traditional sense of morality, the soul and the relationship between religion and the public a try. so I am very honored to start this dialogue and Professor Tu.
So now let me begin to answer For just under liberalism and liberal communitarianism problem. liberalism contains too many meanings, so I have to figure out what we are discussing what kind of liberalism. Broadly speaking, the traditional liberal Political Science is about individual rights, respect for freedom, respect for individual ideas. at this level, roughly speaking, I do not support the liberal view. I admit to respect individual freedom is very important, but also respect for the moral religious tradition, I do not oppose such content. But in the community criticism of Liberalism, the combination of that part of my research, I do not agree with the liberal philosophy is mainly another point of view, that is, without too much about life and virtues of the concept of discussion and reflection on the premise alone, starting from the desire to satisfy self to simply define our and free discussions, then these arguments and the meaning of life, and discuss together the meaning of virtue is necessary and must be seen to understand. I really do not agree with the place is not no. power is of course important, In my view, the relationship between such things are indivisible, not talk separately. that the role of public affairs in the public domain single concept is not appropriate. Modern politics of the most influential liberals such as the Law Wales and Habermas agree that public affairs should be life, the concept of virtue and the like to distinguish. Citizens should limit this doctrine in the private area, making the public domain important moral, spiritual and other elements is empty, has nothing to with it. The real communitarianism is that the ethical spirit of public governance are inextricably linked. This is my understanding of this issue for a summary of it. how do you think?
Tu Wei-ming: To me, your argument is persuasive. I also believe that religion and ethics for today's public is very important. This knowledge not only from the bottom of my heart feelings. For example, Lo Wales this we respected scholar, should be considered the most important 20th century pioneer in the field of political science. He believes that with the spirit of religion-related things that should not be implanted into the scope of discussion in the public domain. allows people worry about is that, for religion and the understanding of the meaning of life, there are too many different ideas, too many different opinions. Once this allows people to argue in the public domain, certainly there will be differences, and the community is likely to This discussion can not be balanced. This forces try to avoid such a deep discussion and public affairs into contact. I think I am more inclined to this view. This concern is not temporary, in reality, how should we view this kind of problem then ?
Sandel: You raised a very important point. People often try to separate the concept of a universal public affairs with the moral, religious relations, which is tolerance, dissent and other quality related. No matter what the society will have people object to these things. These are real. then I say, the liberal tradition was not born there, is created by man, is a response to world religions. as in Europe, liberalism have been a hundred years of history. Similarly, we can easily trace the historical context that the development of communitarianism, as mentioned by Professor Tu, the private sector and the interdependence of the public domain is emphasized by the content of communitarianism. Many political science we all hold this view. But the question now is: Even with recognition of the history of the problems has been a consensus, but still may have two reactions cause for concern. The first reaction is that since We have positions, ideas, differences, then it should be insisted. This response ignores the political commentary, as liberals will be moved out of the political opposition outside the context of the same. The other is respect for the dissenting response, not to escape but to face a different view, arguing with them, listen to different points of view, and then learn from each other and promote consensus. The second is my understanding of the true depth of communitarianism. In practice, the community of public area overhead, but people can not live without a moral religious significance in the public areas of life.
Tu: About 15 years ago or longer time period, I have continued to participate in a dialogue on the discussion of communitarianism, including and Kong Hans scholars such dialogue. many political parties are very concerned about this, start the universal ethics of global research. although I do not agree with many points of view, and I think I have strong reason to refute them One suspect is aimed at different positions, different religious backgrounds argument object of respect. political dialogue is conducted within the world, such respect can achieve the desired results or is to be accepted, is doubtful.
Zander: I am with you always been interested in dialogue, Kong Hans. I think I have something in common with your point of view the place, so let me talk about my ideas, see if you agree. As you said, If you do not respect your talking to, then you are difficult to achieve the purpose of conversation, and I think such thoughts as Confucianism, has been advocated not to impose values upon others. When people fall into a long and continuing dispute When I do not think that such should have a correct answer to this problem, the problem unless we deeply into, or trapped in the process of dialogue and speculation, as also of no significance. no one can force others to argue, even if someone is willing to do such things. You know I think about this challenge in an article in the word, This is the difference between civilization and the gorilla. Why this is virtue? I can imagine the reason is that you may be convinced, I might be persuaded, but I do not think there any way to make people can help themselves. This is the destiny of humanity, is why the idea of political theory will always be the model of all things divine rule. In the eyes of some politicians, such thinking may be very reasonable, but I do not think there is any evidence to prove it .
Tu: First, I agree with you this view, and this reminds me of and a dialogue between Professor MacIntyre, according to my understanding, in order to prove this understanding, there will be more than an understanding, it will There are all kinds of life on a good understanding of understanding, or moral, in short, more than one. just like to say in Chinese classical In fact there may be four or five explanations for the different situations have different interpretations. Therefore, we must recognize that, otherwise it would cause a complete misunderstanding. On the other hand, you do not allow all opinions are equally respected by the . The question came, the key is how you that want to distinguish between these heterogeneous description of how we do it?
Sandel: I think, for example, this may well explain the concept. This example is the definition of the good life. In the ancient Western philosophy, Aristotle them, the problem is the supreme problem of human life, they are concerned about is the highest realm of what is human? kind of thinking the answer is full of life and the lives of philosophers . Aristotle does not agree that he considered political activity, participation in political activity, public life, it is full of thought for the answer to life a challenge. Aristotle thought the reason there is a certain human kinds of capabilities, the liberation of the public interest, the development of practical wisdom, this capability is only through some kind of civic life in order to be trained, is the political organization of life. No matter how smart philosopher, in an isolated environment in the practice of thinking the lack of participation in collective life, unrest, and controversial human activities, the lack of human capacity to fully develop these thinking hard for him to have success. So we have two explanations for the good life, a life full of thinking One is the life of the people involved in political activities. Ancient Greeks difficult choice, but of course the Greeks, including Aristotle might agree that there is a third possible explanation for the good life is the life of pleasure . But they all agree that this concept can not withstand scrutiny, it can not constitute the thinking of the third competition, but it is very popular, many people believe in this interpretation, simply fall into the pleasure of life, to meet sit the drink, spirits, but this is not what is the good life on an interpretation.
Tu: On the issue of market economy, a United States company to study ideology, that the existence of neo-conservatives and the market fundamentalists the Union. I think we are worried about the market, especially when it linked to the time of individualism. On the other hand, we all know the market is a strange power to generate wealth, will not agree with the way many of our operation. It is said that globalization, like water rising, so more people may be rich, but should not the poor poorer. It is also good. The problem is that the face of market forces, government and public intellectuals, as well as the whole community, should be how to deal with the resulting political problems?
Sandel: In the U.S., the real danger comes from the market. This is a powerful tool for affecting economic development, the risk of this tool can not be When people know, will bring great disaster. we transition to a market economy from the market society, the market ideology of dominant social relations, this is the real danger lies. This trend in the United States and even some European countries CKS place. So I advocate restrictions in some areas the market, of course, not a total ban, but to make them the market is in place to prevent the concept of commodity goods to other areas of market penetration. I think this is the United States and Europe need careful handling. I heard before coming to China to China's enormous economic reform, market reform and opening up, which is considered a great achievement. I also note that economic growth together with the arrival of the growing gap. Professor Tu Weiming soared mentioned, this is a saying to describe the market. But the fact was pointed out that the ship is not necessarily the water rose high, there are winners there are always losers, American society is so, the global economy is also true . For Westerners in China from a distance, they saw a problem, China's economic growth is very fast, when economic reforms will naturally lead to political reform? This is the attitude that they look at this situation. They feel that this is certain, this is the natural law, market economy, the reform is sure to bring political pressure, to democracy. But I do not think this is inevitable. I'm interested in what you say. I fear that China will have to face United States social consequences of the challenges for social cohesion, and soon established a form of political participation with the city, using the scale of the market this tool will cause the public great discussion. I do not think the U.S. market economy and democratic society, between the introduction of certainly, certainly, the inevitable association, but why the United States so sure? because I think that the market economy and democratic politics in between there is a pressure, we always feel them coming, free economy, democratic capitalism, it is natural that they have tied together. But I think in my country in Europe, in fact, the market value and the pressure between the democratic values, democratic values and the market in which there is always the conflict between the position, because of this pressure, I think we can not guarantee market economy and the inevitable correlation between democracy.
Tu: I agree with your theory of civic virtue, we must cultivate civic virtue, citizenship up to a sense of identity, so that not only stay in the ideological level, the same people also practice the form of a healthy body to confirm citizenship and civic participation. but a person as an economic, rational animal is very clear that their own interests, always trying to maximize the benefits. In this relatively free market competition, Of course the premise that compliance with the law, and this is the definition of economic man. It is very important, and with you on civil morality, contrary to the concept of collective solidarity.
Zander: Yes, through the practice of citizenship must be to develop . I think the composition of civic virtue, there are two essential elements or conditions. First Citizens must have a sense of belonging to a group identity, participation, loyalty, solidarity; the second constitutes a condition of civic virtue right to speak, able to influence government policy, or a kind of participation. in the United States, all kinds of challenges are overwhelming challenge. due to the strong tradition of individualism, hard to call a collective sense of solidarity or so members, so the United States individualism and non-traditional countries. the challenges facing the United States is how to overcome individualism and self-interest around the negative impact of mass culture for the public interest concerns. compared to the U.S., I tentatively made the following comparison, China the problems faced, are facing barriers leading to social morality, the second condition is the right to speak on the issue. As a collective sense of identity and loyalty to the organization, resulting in the Chinese tradition the absence of the right to speak, which is different from problem in the United States, it is the second condition of the problem is the right to speak is missing. This is the two required conditions, it is difficult to meet the two conditions. different societies face different problems to solve. < br> Tu: Perhaps the concept of a collective sense of a harmonious society was well represented. in the classical tradition, harmony is the opposite of monotony. A condition for the recognition of diversity, if you do not understand diversity, then you will understand harmony. Confucius, the Chinese people even before, there is awareness of the harmony of the classic manifestation of that is Chinese food. ancient emperor of a minister and dialogue between the emperor that his relationship with the minister is very harmonious, but the ministers strongly opposed. He said: just out of fear rule your compliance with the order, so your approach is uniform and not bring harmony, let me tell you what is harmonious. like the Chinese dishes, to stew a delicious soup, you need a lot of different seasoning, the salt, sour, sweet spices h you all together, it tastes delicious. but if you only as condiments, sweet or salty, do not drink out. Harmony means agree with you, so ministers disagree with you, and you can challenge your views, so as to be harmonious. would be very monotonous. So I think that harmony is not the only difference is a necessary condition for a harmonious, there is no difference, there is no harmony between the social wealth.
Sandel: I must admit, when I from the Chinese government where hear the efforts to build a rich and diverse society. I really appreciate the harmonious interpretation of Professor Tu, the opposite is the only harmonious, harmony is odd. When I first heard the harmonious society when I do not feel very comfortable, I would prefer a to the controversial community. but now I knew that he misunderstood the intention of the Chinese government, they are actually in the multiple demands, thanks for giving me such a new understanding. Although I'm not entirely sure whether this is also the understanding of government leaders. < br> Tu Wei-ming: Thank you, I do not know if deserve such praise. I do not sure if government leaders would agree with me, mainly it was my own thoughts. But I think this question is very important. recent published a book, American style.
Sandel: I now find themselves affected by the American bias, such as the judge of ultra-liberal. I even thought he was a mainstream of society against their own thoughts, but maybe now I find he is still an American thinker, so when they heard of instinctive aversion. I think of the French political thinker to a Jacques Rousseau b, he first proposed the modern political theory, to some extent also the first communist. he proposed the People as individuals should be thoroughly pursue personal interests. He said to achieve the objective of social contract should be concerned about the ideological self-interest of a correction. I too like to judge and analysis of American society. but when Rousseau develop their own silent. because if silent, no arguments, then it means that everyone will at the same level of public consensus, not different views, multiple disappear, this is for me a bit like a communist point of view. that is concerned about the common values of society, went to the extreme only the ideal, uniform, denying people the gap directly, will not have different opinions. Perhaps as an American thinking, and I prefer to discuss the life of major controversy thing. When I hear your explanation of harmony, I think, maybe the so-called silent Rousseau is what I mean. But maybe I understand the wrong.
Tu: I do not know your understanding is accurate. But this is a very interesting topic, when we talk to collective solidarity, we found that everyone in the group must agree to abide by certain basic principles or ideals, or completely different opinions can not form a group, some of the word reflects the All kind of bias and prejudice, and sometimes even worse. I very much agree with you about the discussion of Rousseau's general will, when a few people control the right to speak your opinion and when the change channels, but on the other hand, controversy is essential in the process of social construction, has more than proven by practice. we can imagine other cases, dialogue is not to change or even not to leave an opinion only, In order to correct the misunderstanding by not even to help others understand themselves. Why should we dialogue? a very important part of the dialogue is to listen. argument when we often do not like to listen. But the dialogue, you have to listen out from the other views. One of the advantages here is to improve their knowledge. because if you do not listen to other opinions, you will become very narrow field of vision, if you want to expand their knowledge, we must expose yourself to those completely different concept. Another very important factor, the results of the dialogue is to enhance the potential flexibility of their own to overcome the limitations of their own, in different contexts can be flexible and responsive. So this case, we can imagine a dialogue led by the vibrant, flexible society?
Sandel: I think it is perfectly conceivable. but I also have a little reservation. listen to your argument and say the difference between the dialogue, which makes me think my high school scene. When I again in high school, I joined the debate team, very serious discussions with others, and today the situation is very similar. we have a debate for a whole year, you must have done for the positive and negative themes preparation, and then participate in the debate, will tell you that today you are temporarily or anti-side square, then you must strive to defend their position. I suddenly thought that Parliament should debate mm unilaterally send troops to stop U.S. interference in the affairs, it is probably 1969 or 1970 at that time, of course, referred to here is to send troops for the war in Vietnam. These problems triggered a debate any time, of course, is not the purpose of argument in order to understand the other's point of view. In fact, you get the last day, For the other's point of view has already been prepared, you just want to overcome to convince the other side. You probably also the case of debate, not for the purpose of dialogue is a debate to debate, competitive. This is a very different activity, which is useful for young people to enable them to cultivate the ability to express their views, but this is not what we have discussed the cross-cultural understanding between the exchange model. Now I want to say about the one he is still hesitant place, perhaps with a certain discriminatory, perhaps not, if the dialogue just to understand each other's position that, ideally, is still possible. But for the following reasons, this dialogue can only be a sociology of religion, all the dialogue is just propaganda. genuine dialogue is different and the exchange of views, it is not intended to win, for the people involved is not without risk, I think the real dialogue can not rule out the danger, the danger is that you may give up their point of view. This means that the exchange of ideas in fact have some very compelling moments, neither side may change their views. In order to enter into a genuine cultural traditions and even a religion on the dialogue, I think There certainly exists danger, neither may change their point of view. If you sincerely, you may be losing their faith after the dialogue.
Tu: dialogue is a culture, do have you said dangerous. Perhaps you will still be unchanged in the dialogue, that this is not a real dialogue. a real conversation or even identify your own point of view, or you take the risk, as you said, to give up their point of view. I want to ask you, I know your personal beliefs of God, that is your personal beliefs. usually many Muslim pilgrims will go to Israel, read the also invited a lot of involvement with Jewish backgrounds, such as Putnam, Professor and so on. people together, one sentence read, items such experience you?
Sandel: This is an example. I think you created the model of learning Confucian texts, and we learn that the Jewish classical model is very similar. I am not the theory or a research traditional academics, but I am very interested to learn this thought, would like to learn more. So we Jewish scholars and researchers together to study, try to learn more about our own traditions, but also learn about traditional Chinese to understand the core activities of these civilizations is to be the kind of dialogue we call a prerequisite. I think that in our era of dialogue between civilizations biggest obstacle, not the people do not want to meet or dialogue, but we when faced with other cultures, they find that they actually know very little about their culture. So we must be more fuller understanding of our own traditions, and then go face the other cultures of the dialogue ....
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Three big mouth swallow EXECUTIVE
Three Jinggangshan mouth to eat, still continuing to swallow.
To this end, I recently published in the Jinggangshan, how to carry out its struggle.
one red tourism is the first big mouth: it is likely to eat EXECUTIVE Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve tourism district and a high degree of overlap. tourist area of more than 90% are within the nature reserve.
For this reason, the most complete in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, biodiversity is extremely rich in scientific research has great potential year 1999, Jinggangshan nature reserve or management of county-level units Jinggangshan.
put such a look, all the desires of the pursuit of power is very easy to violation of the protection line of defense, poaching of people, people who steal medicine, in pondering it, and want to get points from petty ; development of tourism in the people, in pondering it, I hope to add color embolden the local economy; and even transferred to the protected area when the party secretary who is also pondering the use of its public resources to satisfy personal desires.
down, Jinggangshan protected areas will collapse, and Jinggangshan lack of tourism development will also be a green screen, the rich biodiversity Jinggangshan more will be destroyed. .
At that time, Chen Chunquan doctor came back from Shanghai, the body found a number of problems. but he worried about the situation in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve, originally requested two weeks of sick leave in less than eight days to hurry to back to the mountains. all the people see clearly that there is a tourism development Jinggangshan over-expansion of the impulse, the impact of a green protected red tourism.
should be said, good Jinggangshan Tourism Development, 2005, 2006, ticket sales tour 1 billion yuan, 1.5 billion total tourism revenue of about .2007 in ticket revenue over 100 million yuan, more than 20 billion total tourism revenue. However, these revenues are still not enough to offset the expenditure Jinggangshan City, Jinggangshan countries still need to Financial support vigorously.
Chen Chunquan worries that may be precisely because of this, was placed under the management of Jinggangshan City nearly 10 years, protected areas Jinggangshan not get a penny from the Jinggangshan protection funds; even the most important fire funding, also have to minimal. Jinggangshan now, the main focus to the development of tourism on the development of the protection as a stumbling block; Ciping a large number of broken hill town of deforestation, construction of hotels and guest houses; the core of protected areas areas, buffer zones, experimental areas are often asked The main tourism products market,
Jinggangshan protected areas often receive city assessed down task decomposition notice 120 people assigned to each farm.
Chenchun Quan is not unreasoning, who a few years ago, to open protected areas to the provision, maintenance and Thailand well fast, as for the Vice-Governor Chen Chunquan contradict, and later, the Thai high-speed modified the program well , Chen Chunquan permission. because of his contradicting, road construction side also made a compromise, in order to protect the magnolia tree, spend 60 million; in order to protect the yew tree, spend 20 million yuan. Now this way, the damage to protected areas, down to the smallest.
have to pass through protected areas was the city, workover then Highway. Nature always disagreed. do not agree with the local government has launched a protected area has no alternative . Some of the leadership to facilitate the development, even proposing non were demands to change the original planning of protected areas, the core area for the location to agreed to help fight the report to the State Environmental Protection Administration for adjustment of the function of protected areas, zoning .2008 February, the request was granted, Hexi District, part of the ridge where the core was adjusted into the area can be developed for a large companies to build resort hotels.
Jinggangshan like many parts of the country, as stimulate local people's strength is not thinking about not thinking about supporting local wisdom, the old feel weak local financial resources, ability, around all day a developer, to develop the core area of protected areas, buffer zone west ridge on the back of Beacon Hill, to be suspended in that plank road repair. to see the huge investment of close to a million, that can solve a lot of the local labor force, see the developer as a whole or civilization construction, Chen Chunquan gritted his teeth, go to the Provincial Forestry Department to help report. But once the developers have seen the behavior of any breach of anti-Novo, Chen Chunquan Reserve led immediately to stop it.
Some of insight People think the face of this fierce A total of six National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province, the other five have been put under the unified management of the Provincial Forestry Department, only Jinggangshan not return. Therefore, in order to better protect, and to more sustainable development, we feel, the Jinggangshan Reserve reverted to the provincial forestry department under the direct management time is ripe. so many of our conservation and research funding to be allocated directly to them. said.
Long, deputy director of Jiangxi Provincial Forestry Department, fly away, said: contradiction. Jinggangshan City to promote economic development while protecting the area to strengthen the protection. This is not only to increase the protection of protected areas hard, it will increase the financial burden to the Jinggangshan. want to do in a year a 600 million yuan, will be able to run. In fact, we asked a very simple relationship with the tourism development there, as can be on the line as Lushan Nature Reserve, Mt tourism development, nature conservation each year District subsidies to 600,000 yuan it. for feeding; third is to strengthen the protected areas of scientific research efforts. Zone has not been to find a suitable method. to thousands of protected areas for protected area staff struggling to survive the time, since 2006, due to improper appointment of cadres, there would have to be the strength of weak internal collapse. this time , the collapse of the power from the human common personal desires.
2006 年 6 months, newly established sub-prefecture-level institutions . this person to the protected area to work for a short time. can some people worry that this person is likely to be the most important protected areas, the collapse of power.
this person the first thing is to seize power, he was party secretary, in accordance with division of the party, is responsible for party affairs. Nature's legal representative, is Chen Chunquan, therefore, financial rights, personnel rights, business rights, mainly by Chen Chunquan to be responsible. and this person at the first meeting to put forward eight measures, asked Chen Chunquan start up a eat, often leading a senior person first cigarette the account, and if an individual banquet, reimbursement for unreasonable. protected area funding so tight, do research, do business, are often difficult because there is no money, this time a lot of money then take it and eat it is a pity. because of smoking, because the things to eat, who often overtly or covertly with Chen Chunquan the conflict occurred.
Ciping include forest management around the town Ciping Jinggangshan seat of city government in early 2007, Ciping Forest several buildings for the workers to the construction of replacement housing. in the construction contract has been signed, when the man asked Huang Xinhua the head of the farm forestry projects subcontracted to someone he brought. Huang Xinhua had no choice but to which a building transferred to the person. The results of this without any qualification of the individual building, the construction project sub-contracted out to another qualified engineering team, got 10 million from the region is not protected areas, so about 2000 cubic meters per year of wood cut to wages to employees. The head of the farm forestry Xu Xiaoping who requested the right to operate all of the timber to his brother, business, Hsu had no choice but to give this person brother 500 cubic meters per year target. Oi bamboo forest can operate the right head of the farm forestry Guo was forced resignation, to be the person to leave a lot of indicators that are transferred to his brother to run .2008, who's brother and from protected areas that may go over 2000 cubic meters of indicators, per cubic meter is expected to earn more than 200 yuan.
Chen Chunquan trying to get to the Authority of the new protected areas, office space, while preparing to build a guest house experts to to the Authority to facilitate the exchange of experts and scholars from all sides, while guest houses operating together, they may seek the way for the Authority points profit. Originally Authority has negotiated with a developer, the developer with information access, business management after the start of each year Bureau to pay 550,000 yuan in rent every year since then further increased by 10%. and this person asked this floor, a friend of his contract, the price is 30 per million, and a lease is 10 years. Chen strongly disagreed, so this directed people to people around the Forestry Department of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan Authority falsely accused Chen Chunquan.
as a party secretary, the person has the right to the appointment of cadres, so the name of his assessment of cadres, cadres of the Authority intimidation. He often, Assistant Secretary, section-level cadres Zeng Yi-ping said: is the family level, therefore, the forest under the him to appointments. Some people think that the person that monopolizes power and authoritarian behavior, much like those who like to reserve cadres, Forestry Department of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Wildlife Protection Authority responsible person has added his praise to; Jiangxi other person in charge of protected areas is also quite admired him. He loved the protection of the cause of fairness, the measures introduced planning of protected areas has revived in essence, called him million in debt; Authority and the car all forest operations, but also the efforts of project funds through a variety of applications to replace it again. He presided over the former, protected areas of human and lax, the abacus, he took office, protected areas The effort is being condensed to protect the area began to want to do is industry, but also know how to do it is business. cadres and workers of all protected areas such praise him: less competent people. removed from the protected area authority, the exclusive right to achieve personal and authoritarian.
Jinggangshan from the interview I started, in 2008, after blizzards hit Jinggangshan Nature, Nature Reserve Authority has been at the height of Jinggangshan chaos. for a while Some people create Tel. It was also head of the farm forestry on Ciping Huang Xinhua, said: send a few million, to be deputy field when the forest, sending thousands of dollars to the spot long. There are many similar incidents, and made the Board divided protected areas, panic, just been to gather together the morale Chen Chunquan are gradually decline, collapse. It is said that if any such person presiding go Jinggangshan Nature Reserve itself will soon be has always been a firm undertaking, and can not tolerate delay and biased point, while China's economic development, it often reluctant to invest in energy conservation. Nature Conservation is a great cause of mankind, any personal desires are of It forms the impact and persecution, and the current situation Jinggangshan Authority, people very Jiaoxin.
time in the home and less abroad, Jinggangshan environmental struggle, in what will be the local development?
three, the third red tourists Giant mouth: They eat wild animal
EXECUTIVE impunity has been a large high-profile publicity Like all parts of the country into a new round of kinds of pressure, while appropriate compromise, to find a more sustainable approach to development. a silent surface, colorless, smoke without fire, in fact, be more intense than the struggle of the year, more soul-stirring environmental struggle in a few years ago, clearly in Jinggangshan launched. to today, this struggle seems to upgrade to the stalemate stage. protection of the power of slightly less vigilant, soon all bets are off, protected areas, all creatures, all ecosystems, are likely to collapse quickly.
Because the red tourists gluttonous, Jinggangshan around is creating a network of illegal trade in wild animals, each terminal is mainly Jinggangshan table. because of someone's personal desires, Jinggangshan nature reserve may be applied from within the castration surgery, the loss of protection from vigor.
this time, the protected areas of the cadres, how rare wildlife like the innocent. They can not even protect themselves, what is the ability to protect small and sacred trying to do something, it can make a difference in Chen Chunquan, win the case if it was, transferred, regret to leave, then there would dare Jinggangshan green speak? Jinggangshan patron saint of green, how to train them?
In recent years, the development of red tourism Jinggangshan very fast, without masking the mouth of tourists driving the development of a new type of Jinggangshan mm wildlife hunting industry sales industry. Some people worry that there may have been formed to Jinggangshan as the center, from the periphery to the Jinggangshan caged together a network of underground illegal wildlife trade.
So, I went to Jinggangshan, not only to understand the problems facing nature reserve, would like to also understand the problems of wildlife consumption.
Ciping town is to Jinggangshan stop for tourists is bound to the distribution center. In recent years, there developed a group called door, are arrayed a few rusty cage. inside, held the pheasant, bamboo rat, wild boar, tortoise, and a few wild turtle, a number of wild fish; string bag inside, then there must be several frogs in it waiting for in the secret hidden in the store. In order to obtain a more realistic, I like , deer, giant salamander, pangolins, snakes, and some homes also committed to selling owls, owls and snakes to make a soup, called tourists, these tourists are generally the ; what people have, but it is certainly rich and powerful, or is someone treat. were not allowed into the hotel to check on some important wildlife sales.
store mode of operation is very flexible. small stores are stocking, usually after the customer a clear point of the menu, immediately called to a wild animal dealers that to goods. I tried to try to close an interview with a wild animal dealers, but without success.
because some customers do not know wild animals, so some stores may also be false to pretend to take, such as might take to pose as the original giant salamander salamander (salamander); such as veal possible to pretend to get all the meat mm in the material up and down just to do something, most people do not come out to eat.
In addition, the feet of visitors may also local wildlife, because Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, and tourism developed Jinggangshan dozen spots, overlap rate of 93% or more, can say, Jinggangshan of tourism, almost all protected areas within.
Interestingly, stands to reason that should belong to the direct management of the Forestry Department of Jiangxi Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, actually has been owned by Jinggangshan Authority management. Jinggangshan wildlife under the jurisdiction of the past, once owned by Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve Administration, is now mainly owned by Jinggangshan Forest Management. There are rumors that Forest for However, they believe, Forest has sold to these wild animals and receive fees, the outside is very difficult. As the natural forests outside protected areas in general have been replaced with artificial forests, wildlife species already growing scarce, and the capture of high strength is no way out of their posterior. < br> does not recognize familiar people from the local wildlife Jinggangshan, they think from next Suichuan, Hunan, Novel and other places. just Jinggangshan tourists, selling some of them quick and convenient.
, of course, Jinggangshan National Nature also often encountered cut timber stolen, stealing medicines, such as stealing people dig orchids, along with the increasingly strict protection measures, these people become less and less.
shotgun collection, the poaching of people in less down, there are only two kinds of people may also be poaching, one under the clip, an old hand dug traps; second is required by law to carry a gun person, such as public security, armed police, army, armed in the Department of City and so on, these There are mountains for hunting people, and because they have the power to deal with them very difficult.
2008 年 2 20 March, because of that news, that the scope of Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve and features made adjustments, and I to Chen Chunquan call, would like to know the situation. when he is on the mountain and protected areas, thousands of workers carrying poles with the mountain, you can not answer. As a rare stretch of southern provinces snowstorm hit Jinggangshan Nature Reserve great. Sadly, due to Jinggangshan Nature Reserve have not been addressed for years, quilts, there is no penny, no pound of rice. Tel. The next day, he went up the mountain to Kanghuo.
four, so I Jiangxi Provincial Party Secretary Su Rong, wrote a Hello, know you are very busy, but I had to bother you, because only you can solve this matter.
Not long ago, I interviewed a week to Jinggangshan survey found that the green spots Jinggangshan, almost all superimposed on the Jinggangshan within the National Nature Reserve, and some spots even in the core area of protected areas, and some ready to develop the spots, but also their eyes fixed on the core parts of some of the Key (at the core area of national law prohibited development). Now Jinggangshan Tourism serious impact on the legal status of protected areas. Jinggangshan is red, all the people love, respect this piece of red; Jinggangshan is green, this green is not only to protect the red, but also for tourism development Jinggangshan provide a solid base. Now, there is a tourism development Jinggangshan over-expansion of the impulse to protect the red tourism impact on the green, if not timely adjustment, there may be City tourism is growing very fast the past two years, in 2007 tourism revenue of 1 billion or more tickets, the total tourism income of nearly 20 billion yuan. Jinggangshan most tourist areas are within the scope of protection, but as ownership units Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve Area under the six forest resources have not been paid any royalties, nor receive any proceeds from tourism into.
due to historical factors, Jinggangshan County, Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, the three county Jinggangshan Ken Zhichang high degree of overlapping units, is such an embarrassing situation Jinggangshan protected areas and critical of the important reasons .1957 Jinggangshan Kenzhi Chang founded in 1981 with the establishment of protected areas in all forest rights, 90 in the last century, renamed EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE Kenzhi Chang Enterprise Group 2002, all of its classified under the six forest protected area management, the establishment of Jinggangshan County, the county most of the red, green spots, in the past in the context of Jinggangshan Kenzhi Chang, now within the protected area in Jinggangshan.
Also, through the survey found, Jinggangshan a national nature reserve is a very complex protected areas, authorities are universal institutions, the following six state-owned forest farm (business units), (meaning a forest, in fact, six mountain forest area of more than 90% are classified as protected areas and National Forest, according to the law ban on logging), and the forest below and pipe is the law does not recognize), , family planning, militia forces, trade unions, civil affairs, judicial mediation, land, planning, social stability, and WOODS, forest fire prevention, but the institution of protected areas is no administrative functions, but teams are also very sound, so a large units, members of the team is really only one pair. in accordance with the Jiangxi Commission [2005] No. 136 spirit of the document, Jinggangshan protected areas in 2006 as a public institution managed by the Jinggangshan Jinggangshan organic units assigned to the Authority management, protected areas, social affairs and the principles of Jinggangshan the commitment by the Jinggangshan, in fact, the social affairs of protected areas is still the protected areas themselves, the Authority has no corresponding functions, resulting in protection of the social affairs on the up and down is not forthcoming, followed caused many negative place.
Jiangxi Jinggangshan Jinggangshan not only is the National People's Jinggangshan, is the world's people Jinggangshan. Jinggangshan consistent with the objectives of the implementation of scientific development planning framework to achieve Jinggangshan ecological, social, economic, organic unity of the three, for taking the time to look at sincerely hope that this secretary.
Feng Yongfeng
To this end, I recently published in the Jinggangshan, how to carry out its struggle.
one red tourism is the first big mouth: it is likely to eat EXECUTIVE Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve tourism district and a high degree of overlap. tourist area of more than 90% are within the nature reserve.
For this reason, the most complete in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, biodiversity is extremely rich in scientific research has great potential year 1999, Jinggangshan nature reserve or management of county-level units Jinggangshan.
put such a look, all the desires of the pursuit of power is very easy to violation of the protection line of defense, poaching of people, people who steal medicine, in pondering it, and want to get points from petty ; development of tourism in the people, in pondering it, I hope to add color embolden the local economy; and even transferred to the protected area when the party secretary who is also pondering the use of its public resources to satisfy personal desires.
down, Jinggangshan protected areas will collapse, and Jinggangshan lack of tourism development will also be a green screen, the rich biodiversity Jinggangshan more will be destroyed. .
At that time, Chen Chunquan doctor came back from Shanghai, the body found a number of problems. but he worried about the situation in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve, originally requested two weeks of sick leave in less than eight days to hurry to back to the mountains. all the people see clearly that there is a tourism development Jinggangshan over-expansion of the impulse, the impact of a green protected red tourism.
should be said, good Jinggangshan Tourism Development, 2005, 2006, ticket sales tour 1 billion yuan, 1.5 billion total tourism revenue of about .2007 in ticket revenue over 100 million yuan, more than 20 billion total tourism revenue. However, these revenues are still not enough to offset the expenditure Jinggangshan City, Jinggangshan countries still need to Financial support vigorously.
Chen Chunquan worries that may be precisely because of this, was placed under the management of Jinggangshan City nearly 10 years, protected areas Jinggangshan not get a penny from the Jinggangshan protection funds; even the most important fire funding, also have to minimal. Jinggangshan now, the main focus to the development of tourism on the development of the protection as a stumbling block; Ciping a large number of broken hill town of deforestation, construction of hotels and guest houses; the core of protected areas areas, buffer zones, experimental areas are often asked The main tourism products market,
Jinggangshan protected areas often receive city assessed down task decomposition notice 120 people assigned to each farm.
Chenchun Quan is not unreasoning, who a few years ago, to open protected areas to the provision, maintenance and Thailand well fast, as for the Vice-Governor Chen Chunquan contradict, and later, the Thai high-speed modified the program well , Chen Chunquan permission. because of his contradicting, road construction side also made a compromise, in order to protect the magnolia tree, spend 60 million; in order to protect the yew tree, spend 20 million yuan. Now this way, the damage to protected areas, down to the smallest.
have to pass through protected areas was the city, workover then Highway. Nature always disagreed. do not agree with the local government has launched a protected area has no alternative . Some of the leadership to facilitate the development, even proposing non were demands to change the original planning of protected areas, the core area for the location to agreed to help fight the report to the State Environmental Protection Administration for adjustment of the function of protected areas, zoning .2008 February, the request was granted, Hexi District, part of the ridge where the core was adjusted into the area can be developed for a large companies to build resort hotels.
Jinggangshan like many parts of the country, as stimulate local people's strength is not thinking about not thinking about supporting local wisdom, the old feel weak local financial resources, ability, around all day a developer, to develop the core area of protected areas, buffer zone west ridge on the back of Beacon Hill, to be suspended in that plank road repair. to see the huge investment of close to a million, that can solve a lot of the local labor force, see the developer as a whole or civilization construction, Chen Chunquan gritted his teeth, go to the Provincial Forestry Department to help report. But once the developers have seen the behavior of any breach of anti-Novo, Chen Chunquan Reserve led immediately to stop it.
Some of insight People think the face of this fierce A total of six National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province, the other five have been put under the unified management of the Provincial Forestry Department, only Jinggangshan not return. Therefore, in order to better protect, and to more sustainable development, we feel, the Jinggangshan Reserve reverted to the provincial forestry department under the direct management time is ripe. so many of our conservation and research funding to be allocated directly to them. said.
Long, deputy director of Jiangxi Provincial Forestry Department, fly away, said: contradiction. Jinggangshan City to promote economic development while protecting the area to strengthen the protection. This is not only to increase the protection of protected areas hard, it will increase the financial burden to the Jinggangshan. want to do in a year a 600 million yuan, will be able to run. In fact, we asked a very simple relationship with the tourism development there, as can be on the line as Lushan Nature Reserve, Mt tourism development, nature conservation each year District subsidies to 600,000 yuan it. for feeding; third is to strengthen the protected areas of scientific research efforts. Zone has not been to find a suitable method. to thousands of protected areas for protected area staff struggling to survive the time, since 2006, due to improper appointment of cadres, there would have to be the strength of weak internal collapse. this time , the collapse of the power from the human common personal desires.
2006 年 6 months, newly established sub-prefecture-level institutions . this person to the protected area to work for a short time. can some people worry that this person is likely to be the most important protected areas, the collapse of power.
this person the first thing is to seize power, he was party secretary, in accordance with division of the party, is responsible for party affairs. Nature's legal representative, is Chen Chunquan, therefore, financial rights, personnel rights, business rights, mainly by Chen Chunquan to be responsible. and this person at the first meeting to put forward eight measures, asked Chen Chunquan start up a eat, often leading a senior person first cigarette the account, and if an individual banquet, reimbursement for unreasonable. protected area funding so tight, do research, do business, are often difficult because there is no money, this time a lot of money then take it and eat it is a pity. because of smoking, because the things to eat, who often overtly or covertly with Chen Chunquan the conflict occurred.
Ciping include forest management around the town Ciping Jinggangshan seat of city government in early 2007, Ciping Forest several buildings for the workers to the construction of replacement housing. in the construction contract has been signed, when the man asked Huang Xinhua the head of the farm forestry projects subcontracted to someone he brought. Huang Xinhua had no choice but to which a building transferred to the person. The results of this without any qualification of the individual building, the construction project sub-contracted out to another qualified engineering team, got 10 million from the region is not protected areas, so about 2000 cubic meters per year of wood cut to wages to employees. The head of the farm forestry Xu Xiaoping who requested the right to operate all of the timber to his brother, business, Hsu had no choice but to give this person brother 500 cubic meters per year target. Oi bamboo forest can operate the right head of the farm forestry Guo was forced resignation, to be the person to leave a lot of indicators that are transferred to his brother to run .2008, who's brother and from protected areas that may go over 2000 cubic meters of indicators, per cubic meter is expected to earn more than 200 yuan.
Chen Chunquan trying to get to the Authority of the new protected areas, office space, while preparing to build a guest house experts to to the Authority to facilitate the exchange of experts and scholars from all sides, while guest houses operating together, they may seek the way for the Authority points profit. Originally Authority has negotiated with a developer, the developer with information access, business management after the start of each year Bureau to pay 550,000 yuan in rent every year since then further increased by 10%. and this person asked this floor, a friend of his contract, the price is 30 per million, and a lease is 10 years. Chen strongly disagreed, so this directed people to people around the Forestry Department of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan Authority falsely accused Chen Chunquan.
as a party secretary, the person has the right to the appointment of cadres, so the name of his assessment of cadres, cadres of the Authority intimidation. He often, Assistant Secretary, section-level cadres Zeng Yi-ping said: is the family level, therefore, the forest under the him to appointments. Some people think that the person that monopolizes power and authoritarian behavior, much like those who like to reserve cadres, Forestry Department of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Wildlife Protection Authority responsible person has added his praise to; Jiangxi other person in charge of protected areas is also quite admired him. He loved the protection of the cause of fairness, the measures introduced planning of protected areas has revived in essence, called him million in debt; Authority and the car all forest operations, but also the efforts of project funds through a variety of applications to replace it again. He presided over the former, protected areas of human and lax, the abacus, he took office, protected areas The effort is being condensed to protect the area began to want to do is industry, but also know how to do it is business. cadres and workers of all protected areas such praise him: less competent people. removed from the protected area authority, the exclusive right to achieve personal and authoritarian.
Jinggangshan from the interview I started, in 2008, after blizzards hit Jinggangshan Nature, Nature Reserve Authority has been at the height of Jinggangshan chaos. for a while Some people create Tel. It was also head of the farm forestry on Ciping Huang Xinhua, said: send a few million, to be deputy field when the forest, sending thousands of dollars to the spot long. There are many similar incidents, and made the Board divided protected areas, panic, just been to gather together the morale Chen Chunquan are gradually decline, collapse. It is said that if any such person presiding go Jinggangshan Nature Reserve itself will soon be has always been a firm undertaking, and can not tolerate delay and biased point, while China's economic development, it often reluctant to invest in energy conservation. Nature Conservation is a great cause of mankind, any personal desires are of It forms the impact and persecution, and the current situation Jinggangshan Authority, people very Jiaoxin.
time in the home and less abroad, Jinggangshan environmental struggle, in what will be the local development?
three, the third red tourists Giant mouth: They eat wild animal
EXECUTIVE impunity has been a large high-profile publicity Like all parts of the country into a new round of kinds of pressure, while appropriate compromise, to find a more sustainable approach to development. a silent surface, colorless, smoke without fire, in fact, be more intense than the struggle of the year, more soul-stirring environmental struggle in a few years ago, clearly in Jinggangshan launched. to today, this struggle seems to upgrade to the stalemate stage. protection of the power of slightly less vigilant, soon all bets are off, protected areas, all creatures, all ecosystems, are likely to collapse quickly.
Because the red tourists gluttonous, Jinggangshan around is creating a network of illegal trade in wild animals, each terminal is mainly Jinggangshan table. because of someone's personal desires, Jinggangshan nature reserve may be applied from within the castration surgery, the loss of protection from vigor.
this time, the protected areas of the cadres, how rare wildlife like the innocent. They can not even protect themselves, what is the ability to protect small and sacred trying to do something, it can make a difference in Chen Chunquan, win the case if it was, transferred, regret to leave, then there would dare Jinggangshan green speak? Jinggangshan patron saint of green, how to train them?
In recent years, the development of red tourism Jinggangshan very fast, without masking the mouth of tourists driving the development of a new type of Jinggangshan mm wildlife hunting industry sales industry. Some people worry that there may have been formed to Jinggangshan as the center, from the periphery to the Jinggangshan caged together a network of underground illegal wildlife trade.
So, I went to Jinggangshan, not only to understand the problems facing nature reserve, would like to also understand the problems of wildlife consumption.
Ciping town is to Jinggangshan stop for tourists is bound to the distribution center. In recent years, there developed a group called door, are arrayed a few rusty cage. inside, held the pheasant, bamboo rat, wild boar, tortoise, and a few wild turtle, a number of wild fish; string bag inside, then there must be several frogs in it waiting for in the secret hidden in the store. In order to obtain a more realistic, I like , deer, giant salamander, pangolins, snakes, and some homes also committed to selling owls, owls and snakes to make a soup, called tourists, these tourists are generally the ; what people have, but it is certainly rich and powerful, or is someone treat. were not allowed into the hotel to check on some important wildlife sales.
store mode of operation is very flexible. small stores are stocking, usually after the customer a clear point of the menu, immediately called to a wild animal dealers that to goods. I tried to try to close an interview with a wild animal dealers, but without success.
because some customers do not know wild animals, so some stores may also be false to pretend to take, such as might take to pose as the original giant salamander salamander (salamander); such as veal possible to pretend to get all the meat mm in the material up and down just to do something, most people do not come out to eat.
In addition, the feet of visitors may also local wildlife, because Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, and tourism developed Jinggangshan dozen spots, overlap rate of 93% or more, can say, Jinggangshan of tourism, almost all protected areas within.
Interestingly, stands to reason that should belong to the direct management of the Forestry Department of Jiangxi Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, actually has been owned by Jinggangshan Authority management. Jinggangshan wildlife under the jurisdiction of the past, once owned by Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve Administration, is now mainly owned by Jinggangshan Forest Management. There are rumors that Forest for However, they believe, Forest has sold to these wild animals and receive fees, the outside is very difficult. As the natural forests outside protected areas in general have been replaced with artificial forests, wildlife species already growing scarce, and the capture of high strength is no way out of their posterior. < br> does not recognize familiar people from the local wildlife Jinggangshan, they think from next Suichuan, Hunan, Novel and other places. just Jinggangshan tourists, selling some of them quick and convenient.
, of course, Jinggangshan National Nature also often encountered cut timber stolen, stealing medicines, such as stealing people dig orchids, along with the increasingly strict protection measures, these people become less and less.
shotgun collection, the poaching of people in less down, there are only two kinds of people may also be poaching, one under the clip, an old hand dug traps; second is required by law to carry a gun person, such as public security, armed police, army, armed in the Department of City and so on, these There are mountains for hunting people, and because they have the power to deal with them very difficult.
2008 年 2 20 March, because of that news, that the scope of Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve and features made adjustments, and I to Chen Chunquan call, would like to know the situation. when he is on the mountain and protected areas, thousands of workers carrying poles with the mountain, you can not answer. As a rare stretch of southern provinces snowstorm hit Jinggangshan Nature Reserve great. Sadly, due to Jinggangshan Nature Reserve have not been addressed for years, quilts, there is no penny, no pound of rice. Tel. The next day, he went up the mountain to Kanghuo.
four, so I Jiangxi Provincial Party Secretary Su Rong, wrote a Hello, know you are very busy, but I had to bother you, because only you can solve this matter.
Not long ago, I interviewed a week to Jinggangshan survey found that the green spots Jinggangshan, almost all superimposed on the Jinggangshan within the National Nature Reserve, and some spots even in the core area of protected areas, and some ready to develop the spots, but also their eyes fixed on the core parts of some of the Key (at the core area of national law prohibited development). Now Jinggangshan Tourism serious impact on the legal status of protected areas. Jinggangshan is red, all the people love, respect this piece of red; Jinggangshan is green, this green is not only to protect the red, but also for tourism development Jinggangshan provide a solid base. Now, there is a tourism development Jinggangshan over-expansion of the impulse to protect the red tourism impact on the green, if not timely adjustment, there may be City tourism is growing very fast the past two years, in 2007 tourism revenue of 1 billion or more tickets, the total tourism income of nearly 20 billion yuan. Jinggangshan most tourist areas are within the scope of protection, but as ownership units Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve Area under the six forest resources have not been paid any royalties, nor receive any proceeds from tourism into.
due to historical factors, Jinggangshan County, Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, the three county Jinggangshan Ken Zhichang high degree of overlapping units, is such an embarrassing situation Jinggangshan protected areas and critical of the important reasons .1957 Jinggangshan Kenzhi Chang founded in 1981 with the establishment of protected areas in all forest rights, 90 in the last century, renamed EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE Kenzhi Chang Enterprise Group 2002, all of its classified under the six forest protected area management, the establishment of Jinggangshan County, the county most of the red, green spots, in the past in the context of Jinggangshan Kenzhi Chang, now within the protected area in Jinggangshan.
Also, through the survey found, Jinggangshan a national nature reserve is a very complex protected areas, authorities are universal institutions, the following six state-owned forest farm (business units), (meaning a forest, in fact, six mountain forest area of more than 90% are classified as protected areas and National Forest, according to the law ban on logging), and the forest below and pipe is the law does not recognize), , family planning, militia forces, trade unions, civil affairs, judicial mediation, land, planning, social stability, and WOODS, forest fire prevention, but the institution of protected areas is no administrative functions, but teams are also very sound, so a large units, members of the team is really only one pair. in accordance with the Jiangxi Commission [2005] No. 136 spirit of the document, Jinggangshan protected areas in 2006 as a public institution managed by the Jinggangshan Jinggangshan organic units assigned to the Authority management, protected areas, social affairs and the principles of Jinggangshan the commitment by the Jinggangshan, in fact, the social affairs of protected areas is still the protected areas themselves, the Authority has no corresponding functions, resulting in protection of the social affairs on the up and down is not forthcoming, followed caused many negative place.
Jiangxi Jinggangshan Jinggangshan not only is the National People's Jinggangshan, is the world's people Jinggangshan. Jinggangshan consistent with the objectives of the implementation of scientific development planning framework to achieve Jinggangshan ecological, social, economic, organic unity of the three, for taking the time to look at sincerely hope that this secretary.
Feng Yongfeng
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
zt JUnit design pattern analysis
Transfer from:
JUnit design pattern analysis
IT Pioneer senior adviser grid liu
by the grid liu article published in the The consulting and training.
Abstract
JUnit is an excellent Java unit testing framework, by two world-class software guru Erich Gamma and Kent Beck co-developed. This paper will introduce the reader to the process in the development of JUnit What is the application of design patterns.
Keywords: unit testing JUnit design pattern
1 JUnit Overview
1.1 JUnit Overview
JUnit is an open source java testing framework, it is Xuint test architecture an implementation. JUnit unit testing framework in the design, set three overall objectives, the first is to simplify the writing test, including testing framework that simplifies the study and the preparation of the actual test unit; the second is to test unit to maintain persistent; the third is to use existing tests to the preparation of related tests. so these purposes are the root cause of why the use of models.
1.2 JUnit developers
JUnit originally developed by Erich Gamma and developed by Kent Beck. Erich Gamma, Ph.D., is the Swiss software Suez International Centre for object-oriented technology, technical director, is also a masterpiece, development of the schema definition, CRC cards in the use of the software development process, HotDraw software architecture, based on the xUnit testing framework, re-evaluate the software development process in the test-first programming model. is summed up mode to share with you. I follow the issues raised, mode selection, the specific implementation, the use of results show how to model this process applied to JUnit.
2 JUnit architecture
JUnit's design to Patterns Generate Architectures (see Patterns Generate Architectures, Kent Beck and Ralph Johnson, ECOOP 94) ways to structure the system. The design idea is to apply design patterns from scratch, and then one by one, until finally you get the right system architecture.
3 JUnit design pattern
3.1 JUnit test framework components
l target of testing methods and collection process, which can be referred to as test cases. (TestCase)
l of test cases can be accommodate multiple test cases (TestCase), to test the package is called. (TestSuite)
l description of the test results and records. (TestResult)
l during the test event listener (TestListener)
l of each test method is inconsistent with the expected happened description of the situation, saying that the test failed element. (TestFailure)
l JUnit Framework error in the exception. (AssertionFailedError)
3.2 Command (command) mode
3.2.1
we must first understand the problem, JUnit is a test framework, test the ability to develop test cases. and then test the composition of these requests (sometimes may be one or more), sent to the JUnit FrameWork, then JUnit perform the test, the final report details the test results. These include the implementation of the time, wrong way, wrong location. This test case developers do not need to know the details of the internal JUnit, as long as the request consistent with its definition format. from JUnit's point of view, it does not need to know the information requested TestCase operation, only use it as a command to execute, then execute the test results sent to testers. This allows TestCase JUnit framework and open to independent developers to make do not know that the receiving party to request more information on the requesting party, not to know how to be received, and how to be executed to achieve the system's loose coupling.
3.2.2 Mode Selection
Command (command) mode ( See Gamma, E., et al. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995) was able to better meet the demand. quote intent (intent), encapsulates a request into an object, so you can use different parameters of the request of the customers of; on the request queue or log requests ... Command told us an operation can generate an object and give it an execute (execution) method. In order to achieve
3.2.3 Command mode, first define an interface Test, which is the Run Command's Execute method. and then use the Default Adapter model provides a default implementation of this interface, abstract class TestCase, so that Our developers can integrate the default implementation of this without having to achieve from the Test interface.
We first analyze the Test interface. It is countTestCases there is a method, which to count the number of the test TestCase, other One way is to Command mode Excecute our way, here named run. There is also a parameter TestResult, the results of statistical tests it
public interface Test {
/ **
* Counts the number of test cases that will be run by this test.
* /
public abstract int countTestCases ();
/ **
* Runs a test and collects its result in a TestResult instance.
* /
public abstract void run (TestResult result);
}
TestCase is abstract implementation of this interface, it adds the name of a test, because when it is created for each TestCase should have a name, so if a test fails, you can identify which test failed.
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
/ **
* the name of the test case
* /
private String fName;
public void run (TestResult result) {
result.run (this);
}
}
so that our developers, writing test cases, simply inherited TestCase, to complete the run method can then get JUnit test cases, execute its run method, the test results recorded in the TestResult, at present time being so you can understand.
3.2.4 after effects
to consider the following Command mode using the structure of the system brings those results:
l Command mode will enable the requesting party (TestCase development) and call the party (JUnit Fromwork) were decoupled
l Command mode is the new TestCase easy to join, without changing the existing class, TestCase class can only inherit, so convenient for testers
l Command mode can be combined into a number of TestCase compound command, actually you will see that it TestSuit complex commands, of course, it uses the Composite pattern
l Command mode request TestCase easy to combine the request queue, so that the party receiving the request (Junit Fromwork), easy to decide whether execution of the request, or if that fails the test case or errors can be reported immediately to stop
l Command mode in case of need to facilitate the implementation of the requested Undo and Redo, and records Log, this part of the current JUnit is not implemented in the future, it is easy to join
3.3 Composite (combination)
3.3.1 problem
system state in order to gain the confidence, you need to run multiple test cases. Through our use of Command mode, JUnit can easily run a single test case after the produce test results. But in the actual testing process, several test cases need to be combined into a composite test case, as a request sent to JUnit. JUnit to the face such a problem must take into account the type of test requests, TestCase is a single or a composite of TestCase, and even in the end to distinguish between the number of TestCase. Junit framework that will complete the code like the following:
if (isSingleTestCase (objectRequest)) {
/ / if is a single TestCase, the implementation of run, get the test results
objectRequest.run ()
} else if (isCompositeTestCase (objectRequest)) {
/ / If it is a composite TestCase, will perform different operations, complex algorithm and then sub-
/ / solution, after running each TestCase, the last access to test results, while also considering
/ / If the error between the test how ????,< br> hhhhhhhhhh < br> hhhhhhhhhh
}
JUnit must consider the distinction between such a request (TestCase) type (a single or composite testCase testCase), but in fact in most cases, the tester that the two are the same. For this The difference between the use of, and causes the program to become more complex, difficult to maintain and extend. so to consider how the design can not only distinguish between JUnit TestCase or a single composite TestCase, to unify them into the same request?
3.3.2 Mode Selection
when the test call does not have to care about the running of one or more test cases in the request, can easily solve this problem pattern is Composite (combined) mode. quote its intentions, the object composition into tree structures to represent part - the whole hierarchy. Composite allows users on a single object and the combinations are consistent with the object. In this part - the whole hierarchy is the key solution, can be seen as part of a single TestCase , and the composite TestCase (TestSuit) as a whole. so that we can use this mode may solve the problem right.
Composite pattern structure
Composite mode is introduced into the following participants:
n Component: This is an abstract role, which the object provided to the participants a combination of the interface. this role, gives a total behavior of the interface and the default was. In fact, to our Test interface that defines the run method.
n Composite: to achieve a total of Interface and maintain a test set. is our composite TestCase, TestSuit
n Leaf: combination of representatives of the object, it does not lower the child object, only to participate in the definition of a combination of the behavior of the original object, in fact, a single test case TestCase it only implements the Test interface methods.
fact componsite mode interface implemented according divided into two forms, called safe-and Transparent. JUnit-style use of the security structure, so that there is no management TestCase sub-object method.
3.3.3 achieve
composite model tells us to introduce an abstract class Component for Leaf objects and composite objects defined public interface. The basic intent of this class is to define an interface. In Java, Use Composite mode, priority is given to use interface, rather than an abstract class, so the introduction of a Test interface. of course, our leaf is a TestCase. The source code is as follows:
/ / composite model of the role of
public interface Component Test {
public abstract void run (TestResult result);
}
/ / composite model of the Leaf role
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
public void run (TestResult result ) {
result.run (this);
}
}
, list Composite source. named the TestSuit class. TestSuit has a property fTests (Vector type) in the preserved The sub-test case (child test), provide methods to achieve increased addTest child objects TestCase, and also provides testCount and tests and other methods to manipulate child objects. Finally, run () method implementation to delegate to its child objects (delegate), the final addTestSuite method implementation also provides a recursive, constructed tree.
public class TestSuite implements Test {
private Vector fTests = new Vector (10);
public void addTest (Test test) {
fTests. addElement (test);
}
public int testCount () {
return fTests.size ();
}
public Enumeration tests () {
return fTests.elements () ;
}
public void run (TestResult result) {
for (Enumeration e = tests (); e.hasMoreElements ();) {
Test test = (Test) e.nextElement () ;
runTest (test, result);
}
}
public void addTestSuite (Class testClass) {
addTest (new TestSuite (testClass));
}
} Analysis of the Composite pattern
after we set out to achieve its composition, as shown below:
Note that all of the above Test interface code is implemented. As consistent with TestCase and Test TestSuit both interfaces, we can addTestSuite then recursively combined into the TestSuite TestSuite, this would constitute a tree structure. all developers can create their own TestSuit. testers can create a combination of these packages TestSuit to run them all the TestCase.
public class AllTests extends TestCase {
public AllTests (String s) {
super (s);
}
public static Test suite () {
TestSuite suite1 = new TestSuite (my test TestSuit1 );
TestSuite suite2 = new TestSuite (my test TestSuit2);
suite1.addTestSuite (untitled6.Testmath.class);
suite2.addTestSuite (untitled6.Testmulti.class);
suite1. addTest (suite2);
return suite1;
}
}
its structure as shown
3.3.4 we consider the effect of
Composite mode through the use of the structure of the system to bring those results:
l simplifies the code JUnit JUnit TestSuite composite structures can be centrally and a single object TestCase. JUnit development becomes simple and easy to make, because it does not distinguish the difference between part and whole, do not write full if else in the select statement.
l defines the class TestCase objects and TestSuite TestCase hierarchy of basic objects can be combined into more complex composite object TestSuite, and these combined objects and can be combined, such as our last example, this constant to recurse indefinitely. client code, the basic object of any place used to facilitate the use of composite object, greatly simplifying system maintenance and development.
l makes it easier to add new types of TestCase, such as the very model described below Decorate Extended functionality
l TestCase make the design more general.
3.4 Template Method (template method)
3.4.1
in the actual test questions in order to test the business logic, you must construct some parameters or some resources before it can be tested, and finally to release the system resources. If the test database application, you must create a database connection Connection, and then perform database operations, and finally to achieve the release of the database connection. the following code:
public void testUpdate () {
/ / Load the Oracle JDBC driver
DriverManager.registerDriver (new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver ());< br> String url = jdbc: oracle: thin: @ localhost: 1521: ORA91 ;
/ / Connect to the database
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url, hr, hr);
PreparedStatement pstmt =
conn.prepareStatement (insert into PersonTab values (?));< br> / / Bind the Person object
pstmt.setObject (1, person, OracleTypes.JAVA_STRUCT);
/ / Execute the insertion
pstmt.executeUpdate ()
/ / Disconnect
conn . close ();
}
In fact, many such cases, such as test EJB, the need for JNDI, LookUp, get Home interface, the other the case of initialization parameters. But if we have a TestCase several test methods, such as testing of the database Insert, Update, Delete, Select and other operations, these operations have to be in every way to obtain a database connection in the connection, and then test the business logic, and finally release the connection. This increases the development staff repeatedly writing the code, the original design goals with inconsistent JUnit? how to solve this problem?
3.4.2 Mode Selection
the next problem to be solved is to give developers a convenient place initialization code, and finally run the source code released, and the results of each test will not affect other test results. so to reuse the code provides developer efficiency.
Template Method (Template Method ) better to involve us in issues. quote its intentions, certain steps of the algorithm. will remain the same, regardless of the initialization code, how to write, or how to write test code.
Template Method (template method) static structure as shown below:
design to the two roles here, has the following responsibilities
l AbstractClass more abstract definition of operations in order to allow sub-classes. and to achieve a specific template method, which gives a top-level logical framework, and the composition of the logical steps in the corresponding abstract operation, deferred to the sub-class implementation . template method may also call some specific methods.
l ConcreteClass to achieve the abstract parent class method of operation, they are integral steps in the template method. Each may have multiple ConcreteClass AbstractClass corresponding, respectively, each achieving a ConcreteClass abstract operations, which makes top-logic implementation vary.
3.4.3 so we first of all to achieve
TestCase into several methods, which is to allow developers to abstract operations to achieve, which is the specific template methods Now we see TestCase source
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void setUp () throws Exception {
}
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void runTest () throws Throwable {
}
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void tearDown () throws Exception {< br>}
/ / specific template method, the definition of a logical framework
public void runBare () throws Throwable {
setUp ();
try {
runTest ();
}
finally {
tearDown ();
}
}
}
setUp methods defined as protected so that developers realized, to initialize the test information, such as database connection JNDI lookup EJB Home interface and other information, the tearDown method is to achieve the release of resources after the completion of the test and other cleanup. RunTest method is the test developers to implement business logic. Finally, the method runBare TestCase is a template method, which implements the logic of the test frame, the composition of the test logic steps setUp, runTest, teardown, deferred to a specific sub-class implementation, such as a specific test class
public class TestHelloWorldTestClientJUnit1 extends TestCase {
public void setUp () throws Exception {
super.setUp ();
initialize ();
create ();
}
public void testGetMessage () throws RemoteException {
String strMsg = Hello World;
assertNotNull (ERROR_NULL_REMOTE, helloWorld);
this.assertEquals (strMsg, helloWorld.getMessage ());< br>}
public void tearDown () throws Exception {
helloWorldHome = null;
helloWorld = null;
super.tearDown ();
}
}
research to see their class diagram:
3.4.4
us consider the effect of using the Template Method pattern through the post to system architecture brings those effects:
l in each test case of public behavior (initialization information and release resources, etc.) are extracted to avoid code duplication and simplify the developer's work. < br> l in the TestCase in the same part of the realization of an algorithm, and the behavior of the variable sub-class to leave. enhance the flexibility of the system. the JUnit framework is only responsible for the outline and skeleton algorithm, the test developers given the algorithm is responsible for all the logical steps.
3.5 Adapter (adapter)
3.5.1 problem
Command mode we have applied to the performance of a test. Command as dependent on a single execute () This method (in the TestCase called run ()) to its call. This simple interface allows us to call through the same interface to different implementations of a command.
If you implement a test case to be implementation inheritance Testcase, and then implement the run method, the actual (testRun), however, so we put all the test cases are different ways to achieve the same class, such a result will cause a large amount of sub-categories, so that testing of the system maintenance very difficult, and only the setUp and tearDown testRun services, other tests must also complete the code, thus increasing the workload of the developer, how to solve this problem?
in order to avoid the rapid spread of class, imagine a given test use case class (testcase class) can be achieved in many different ways, each method has a descriptive name, such as testMoneyEquals or testMoneyAdd. This test case does not meet the simple command interface. it is also brought another problem is that All test methods from the perspective of the caller testing (JUnit framework) point of view is the same. how to solve this problem?
3.5.2 Mode Selection
think the applicability of design patterns, Adapter (adapter) mode will greet the mind. Adapter has the following intent The Command (TestCase's run) to facilitate the implementation of the framework test. Adap ...
JUnit design pattern analysis
IT Pioneer senior adviser grid liu
by the grid liu article published in the The consulting and training.
Abstract
JUnit is an excellent Java unit testing framework, by two world-class software guru Erich Gamma and Kent Beck co-developed. This paper will introduce the reader to the process in the development of JUnit What is the application of design patterns.
Keywords: unit testing JUnit design pattern
1 JUnit Overview
1.1 JUnit Overview
JUnit is an open source java testing framework, it is Xuint test architecture an implementation. JUnit unit testing framework in the design, set three overall objectives, the first is to simplify the writing test, including testing framework that simplifies the study and the preparation of the actual test unit; the second is to test unit to maintain persistent; the third is to use existing tests to the preparation of related tests. so these purposes are the root cause of why the use of models.
1.2 JUnit developers
JUnit originally developed by Erich Gamma and developed by Kent Beck. Erich Gamma, Ph.D., is the Swiss software Suez International Centre for object-oriented technology, technical director, is also a masterpiece, development of the schema definition, CRC cards in the use of the software development process, HotDraw software architecture, based on the xUnit testing framework, re-evaluate the software development process in the test-first programming model. is summed up mode to share with you. I follow the issues raised, mode selection, the specific implementation, the use of results show how to model this process applied to JUnit.
2 JUnit architecture
JUnit's design to Patterns Generate Architectures (see Patterns Generate Architectures, Kent Beck and Ralph Johnson, ECOOP 94) ways to structure the system. The design idea is to apply design patterns from scratch, and then one by one, until finally you get the right system architecture.
3 JUnit design pattern
3.1 JUnit test framework components
l target of testing methods and collection process, which can be referred to as test cases. (TestCase)
l of test cases can be accommodate multiple test cases (TestCase), to test the package is called. (TestSuite)
l description of the test results and records. (TestResult)
l during the test event listener (TestListener)
l of each test method is inconsistent with the expected happened description of the situation, saying that the test failed element. (TestFailure)
l JUnit Framework error in the exception. (AssertionFailedError)
3.2 Command (command) mode
3.2.1
we must first understand the problem, JUnit is a test framework, test the ability to develop test cases. and then test the composition of these requests (sometimes may be one or more), sent to the JUnit FrameWork, then JUnit perform the test, the final report details the test results. These include the implementation of the time, wrong way, wrong location. This test case developers do not need to know the details of the internal JUnit, as long as the request consistent with its definition format. from JUnit's point of view, it does not need to know the information requested TestCase operation, only use it as a command to execute, then execute the test results sent to testers. This allows TestCase JUnit framework and open to independent developers to make do not know that the receiving party to request more information on the requesting party, not to know how to be received, and how to be executed to achieve the system's loose coupling.
3.2.2 Mode Selection
Command (command) mode ( See Gamma, E., et al. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995) was able to better meet the demand. quote intent (intent), encapsulates a request into an object, so you can use different parameters of the request of the customers of; on the request queue or log requests ... Command told us an operation can generate an object and give it an execute (execution) method. In order to achieve
3.2.3 Command mode, first define an interface Test, which is the Run Command's Execute method. and then use the Default Adapter model provides a default implementation of this interface, abstract class TestCase, so that Our developers can integrate the default implementation of this without having to achieve from the Test interface.
We first analyze the Test interface. It is countTestCases there is a method, which to count the number of the test TestCase, other One way is to Command mode Excecute our way, here named run. There is also a parameter TestResult, the results of statistical tests it
public interface Test {
/ **
* Counts the number of test cases that will be run by this test.
* /
public abstract int countTestCases ();
/ **
* Runs a test and collects its result in a TestResult instance.
* /
public abstract void run (TestResult result);
}
TestCase is abstract implementation of this interface, it adds the name of a test, because when it is created for each TestCase should have a name, so if a test fails, you can identify which test failed.
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
/ **
* the name of the test case
* /
private String fName;
public void run (TestResult result) {
result.run (this);
}
}
so that our developers, writing test cases, simply inherited TestCase, to complete the run method can then get JUnit test cases, execute its run method, the test results recorded in the TestResult, at present time being so you can understand.
3.2.4 after effects
to consider the following Command mode using the structure of the system brings those results:
l Command mode will enable the requesting party (TestCase development) and call the party (JUnit Fromwork) were decoupled
l Command mode is the new TestCase easy to join, without changing the existing class, TestCase class can only inherit, so convenient for testers
l Command mode can be combined into a number of TestCase compound command, actually you will see that it TestSuit complex commands, of course, it uses the Composite pattern
l Command mode request TestCase easy to combine the request queue, so that the party receiving the request (Junit Fromwork), easy to decide whether execution of the request, or if that fails the test case or errors can be reported immediately to stop
l Command mode in case of need to facilitate the implementation of the requested Undo and Redo, and records Log, this part of the current JUnit is not implemented in the future, it is easy to join
3.3 Composite (combination)
3.3.1 problem
system state in order to gain the confidence, you need to run multiple test cases. Through our use of Command mode, JUnit can easily run a single test case after the produce test results. But in the actual testing process, several test cases need to be combined into a composite test case, as a request sent to JUnit. JUnit to the face such a problem must take into account the type of test requests, TestCase is a single or a composite of TestCase, and even in the end to distinguish between the number of TestCase. Junit framework that will complete the code like the following:
if (isSingleTestCase (objectRequest)) {
/ / if is a single TestCase, the implementation of run, get the test results
objectRequest.run ()
} else if (isCompositeTestCase (objectRequest)) {
/ / If it is a composite TestCase, will perform different operations, complex algorithm and then sub-
/ / solution, after running each TestCase, the last access to test results, while also considering
/ / If the error between the test how ????,< br> hhhhhhhhhh < br> hhhhhhhhhh
}
JUnit must consider the distinction between such a request (TestCase) type (a single or composite testCase testCase), but in fact in most cases, the tester that the two are the same. For this The difference between the use of, and causes the program to become more complex, difficult to maintain and extend. so to consider how the design can not only distinguish between JUnit TestCase or a single composite TestCase, to unify them into the same request?
3.3.2 Mode Selection
when the test call does not have to care about the running of one or more test cases in the request, can easily solve this problem pattern is Composite (combined) mode. quote its intentions, the object composition into tree structures to represent part - the whole hierarchy. Composite allows users on a single object and the combinations are consistent with the object. In this part - the whole hierarchy is the key solution, can be seen as part of a single TestCase , and the composite TestCase (TestSuit) as a whole. so that we can use this mode may solve the problem right.
Composite pattern structure
Composite mode is introduced into the following participants:
n Component: This is an abstract role, which the object provided to the participants a combination of the interface. this role, gives a total behavior of the interface and the default was. In fact, to our Test interface that defines the run method.
n Composite: to achieve a total of Interface and maintain a test set. is our composite TestCase, TestSuit
n Leaf: combination of representatives of the object, it does not lower the child object, only to participate in the definition of a combination of the behavior of the original object, in fact, a single test case TestCase it only implements the Test interface methods.
fact componsite mode interface implemented according divided into two forms, called safe-and Transparent. JUnit-style use of the security structure, so that there is no management TestCase sub-object method.
3.3.3 achieve
composite model tells us to introduce an abstract class Component for Leaf objects and composite objects defined public interface. The basic intent of this class is to define an interface. In Java, Use Composite mode, priority is given to use interface, rather than an abstract class, so the introduction of a Test interface. of course, our leaf is a TestCase. The source code is as follows:
/ / composite model of the role of
public interface Component Test {
public abstract void run (TestResult result);
}
/ / composite model of the Leaf role
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
public void run (TestResult result ) {
result.run (this);
}
}
, list Composite source. named the TestSuit class. TestSuit has a property fTests (Vector type) in the preserved The sub-test case (child test), provide methods to achieve increased addTest child objects TestCase, and also provides testCount and tests and other methods to manipulate child objects. Finally, run () method implementation to delegate to its child objects (delegate), the final addTestSuite method implementation also provides a recursive, constructed tree.
public class TestSuite implements Test {
private Vector fTests = new Vector (10);
public void addTest (Test test) {
fTests. addElement (test);
}
public int testCount () {
return fTests.size ();
}
public Enumeration tests () {
return fTests.elements () ;
}
public void run (TestResult result) {
for (Enumeration e = tests (); e.hasMoreElements ();) {
Test test = (Test) e.nextElement () ;
runTest (test, result);
}
}
public void addTestSuite (Class testClass) {
addTest (new TestSuite (testClass));
}
} Analysis of the Composite pattern
after we set out to achieve its composition, as shown below:
Note that all of the above Test interface code is implemented. As consistent with TestCase and Test TestSuit both interfaces, we can addTestSuite then recursively combined into the TestSuite TestSuite, this would constitute a tree structure. all developers can create their own TestSuit. testers can create a combination of these packages TestSuit to run them all the TestCase.
public class AllTests extends TestCase {
public AllTests (String s) {
super (s);
}
public static Test suite () {
TestSuite suite1 = new TestSuite (my test TestSuit1 );
TestSuite suite2 = new TestSuite (my test TestSuit2);
suite1.addTestSuite (untitled6.Testmath.class);
suite2.addTestSuite (untitled6.Testmulti.class);
suite1. addTest (suite2);
return suite1;
}
}
its structure as shown
3.3.4 we consider the effect of
Composite mode through the use of the structure of the system to bring those results:
l simplifies the code JUnit JUnit TestSuite composite structures can be centrally and a single object TestCase. JUnit development becomes simple and easy to make, because it does not distinguish the difference between part and whole, do not write full if else in the select statement.
l defines the class TestCase objects and TestSuite TestCase hierarchy of basic objects can be combined into more complex composite object TestSuite, and these combined objects and can be combined, such as our last example, this constant to recurse indefinitely. client code, the basic object of any place used to facilitate the use of composite object, greatly simplifying system maintenance and development.
l makes it easier to add new types of TestCase, such as the very model described below Decorate Extended functionality
l TestCase make the design more general.
3.4 Template Method (template method)
3.4.1
in the actual test questions in order to test the business logic, you must construct some parameters or some resources before it can be tested, and finally to release the system resources. If the test database application, you must create a database connection Connection, and then perform database operations, and finally to achieve the release of the database connection. the following code:
public void testUpdate () {
/ / Load the Oracle JDBC driver
DriverManager.registerDriver (new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver ());< br> String url = jdbc: oracle: thin: @ localhost: 1521: ORA91 ;
/ / Connect to the database
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url, hr, hr);
PreparedStatement pstmt =
conn.prepareStatement (insert into PersonTab values (?));< br> / / Bind the Person object
pstmt.setObject (1, person, OracleTypes.JAVA_STRUCT);
/ / Execute the insertion
pstmt.executeUpdate ()
/ / Disconnect
conn . close ();
}
In fact, many such cases, such as test EJB, the need for JNDI, LookUp, get Home interface, the other the case of initialization parameters. But if we have a TestCase several test methods, such as testing of the database Insert, Update, Delete, Select and other operations, these operations have to be in every way to obtain a database connection in the connection, and then test the business logic, and finally release the connection. This increases the development staff repeatedly writing the code, the original design goals with inconsistent JUnit? how to solve this problem?
3.4.2 Mode Selection
the next problem to be solved is to give developers a convenient place initialization code, and finally run the source code released, and the results of each test will not affect other test results. so to reuse the code provides developer efficiency.
Template Method (Template Method ) better to involve us in issues. quote its intentions, certain steps of the algorithm. will remain the same, regardless of the initialization code, how to write, or how to write test code.
Template Method (template method) static structure as shown below:
design to the two roles here, has the following responsibilities
l AbstractClass more abstract definition of operations in order to allow sub-classes. and to achieve a specific template method, which gives a top-level logical framework, and the composition of the logical steps in the corresponding abstract operation, deferred to the sub-class implementation . template method may also call some specific methods.
l ConcreteClass to achieve the abstract parent class method of operation, they are integral steps in the template method. Each may have multiple ConcreteClass AbstractClass corresponding, respectively, each achieving a ConcreteClass abstract operations, which makes top-logic implementation vary.
3.4.3 so we first of all to achieve
TestCase into several methods, which is to allow developers to abstract operations to achieve, which is the specific template methods Now we see TestCase source
public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void setUp () throws Exception {
}
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void runTest () throws Throwable {
}
/ / abstract operations, to allow subclasses to achieve
protected void tearDown () throws Exception {< br>}
/ / specific template method, the definition of a logical framework
public void runBare () throws Throwable {
setUp ();
try {
runTest ();
}
finally {
tearDown ();
}
}
}
setUp methods defined as protected so that developers realized, to initialize the test information, such as database connection JNDI lookup EJB Home interface and other information, the tearDown method is to achieve the release of resources after the completion of the test and other cleanup. RunTest method is the test developers to implement business logic. Finally, the method runBare TestCase is a template method, which implements the logic of the test frame, the composition of the test logic steps setUp, runTest, teardown, deferred to a specific sub-class implementation, such as a specific test class
public class TestHelloWorldTestClientJUnit1 extends TestCase {
public void setUp () throws Exception {
super.setUp ();
initialize ();
create ();
}
public void testGetMessage () throws RemoteException {
String strMsg = Hello World;
assertNotNull (ERROR_NULL_REMOTE, helloWorld);
this.assertEquals (strMsg, helloWorld.getMessage ());< br>}
public void tearDown () throws Exception {
helloWorldHome = null;
helloWorld = null;
super.tearDown ();
}
}
research to see their class diagram:
3.4.4
us consider the effect of using the Template Method pattern through the post to system architecture brings those effects:
l in each test case of public behavior (initialization information and release resources, etc.) are extracted to avoid code duplication and simplify the developer's work. < br> l in the TestCase in the same part of the realization of an algorithm, and the behavior of the variable sub-class to leave. enhance the flexibility of the system. the JUnit framework is only responsible for the outline and skeleton algorithm, the test developers given the algorithm is responsible for all the logical steps.
3.5 Adapter (adapter)
3.5.1 problem
Command mode we have applied to the performance of a test. Command as dependent on a single execute () This method (in the TestCase called run ()) to its call. This simple interface allows us to call through the same interface to different implementations of a command.
If you implement a test case to be implementation inheritance Testcase, and then implement the run method, the actual (testRun), however, so we put all the test cases are different ways to achieve the same class, such a result will cause a large amount of sub-categories, so that testing of the system maintenance very difficult, and only the setUp and tearDown testRun services, other tests must also complete the code, thus increasing the workload of the developer, how to solve this problem?
in order to avoid the rapid spread of class, imagine a given test use case class (testcase class) can be achieved in many different ways, each method has a descriptive name, such as testMoneyEquals or testMoneyAdd. This test case does not meet the simple command interface. it is also brought another problem is that All test methods from the perspective of the caller testing (JUnit framework) point of view is the same. how to solve this problem?
3.5.2 Mode Selection
think the applicability of design patterns, Adapter (adapter) mode will greet the mind. Adapter has the following intent The Command (TestCase's run) to facilitate the implementation of the framework test. Adap ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Wang, re-calibration 〔137〕
Finally we can now address the fourth factor in the formation of dreams, if we start the same way and to explore the meaning of the content of the dream
mm that is a significant dream content and dream of thinking of the reason behind it compared to mm then they would have to brand-
encounter some new hypothesis to explain the elements, my mind still remember some of the examples in the dream the dreamer surprised, angry, rejected
must, and this is just As part of the contents caused by the dream. the previous section many examples, we can easily find in these dreams
feel and content of the emergency is not uniform, but part of a dream thinking that I will be in the appropriate case show up,
but many of these materials can not explain this: the relationship between it and the dream of thinking can not be found. For example, the phrase often found in dreams
words: only common is it tight with some
uneasy feeling, but later found to be calm and go on a dream. When dreams have a laughter in the play La beliehelene mouth out with the same meaning as ��138��: it is but just to reduce
experience less importance to the event, and to experience the next generation will be accepted more easily. It The purpose of the
can continue to sleep on more comfortable, and put all my dreams, because produced
: when it never really sleep under review system that inadvertently produced to a dream, too late to potential suppression, so
review system had to deal with these words thus its anxiety. This is just the spirit of censorship
esb pritdescalier an example.
This enabled us to confirm that every dream, things are not all from the dream of thinking, and sometimes the content can be from one and sober head comparable to the spirit of the functions
created. But the problem is that this situation is the exception, or addition to a review outside the mental activities such
dream content also occupy part of routine do?
We cents do not hesitate to think the latter is correct, although the review body that is removed and restrictions on dream content, but it also
can add or insert some circumstances. The plot is inserted easily recognizable. Often referred to the dreamer point-free
not hesitate, but preceded by the letters part of the link. and really think of the material comes from comparing the dream that it is less likely to stay there
mind; If we dream to forget, then this part of the memory is the first to lose. I wonder how often Resentment
heard words: The thought caused a complete analysis of the process in some cases we found it and dream of nothing to think of the material
. But after a careful study, I found that this is not common; the inserted part is usually traceable to a dream , but can not
or precedent in their own way the power to render the dream, it seems that only in very special circumstances, this spirit will live
move to create new things, most of the cases, think it is the use of the material dream.
this dream but the factors of the operation of its purpose, which is part of the disclosure of their identity ��139��. this function and poetry
philosopher who described the wording of malicious the same: is successful.
face of it, dream often is logical and reasonable; from a possible, and then sent through a series of development and get a Jinli
conclusions (although not too common) . This type of dream must have received the spirit of such functions (and sober
no different when the head) a lot of amendments; they seem to be meaningful, but it really means much, and the same is not
. If you analyze them one by one we can easily find re-calibration is free to play with the dream material, and the relationship between them minimize
. These dreams can be presented to the conscious brain has not previously had been resolution over the
��141��. In other dreams case, such a bias correction can only be partially successful only. part of the dream seems to
is very reasonable, but then they become vague, meaningless; may again become the next reasonable. There are some dream cases, school
is a total failure, because that is just a bunch of meaningless fragments of dreams just combined.
I do not deny that This factor is the existence of a fourth generation dream mm long we will be very familiar with it.
fact, it is the four factors, we are most familiar with a mm I do not want to deny this fourth factor has provided to the dream New
contributions, but as far as we know it, and other factors, just as the existing use of the material in the dream thinking, according to their preferences to select
choice. is an example, it does not require hard work to build aircraft for the dream mm a positive sounding as it already exists in the thinking in the dream
. I used to think these dreams as fantasy; and this and sober moment that the reader can avoid misunderstandings. psychiatrists in the spiritual life of its role is unclear, though,
friends satisfied the first in this area have a good start ��142��. but daydream The meaning of a poet can not escape the eyes
no missed, for instance, are famous German Governor adults in a small role in the description of daydreaming (see Chapter B). on < br> study of patients with mental disorders and we are very surprised to find that dream (or daydream) but the direct predecessor of the symptoms of hysteria,
at least as much if not all. hysterical symptoms are not real memories and associated but on some basic
in memory of the fantasy. because they realize that fantasies often occur during the day, so we are able to understand the structure. However,
addition to those aware of the fantasy, there are more The unconscious fantasy mm and its contents caused by the potential inhibition of the reason they changed
reason for the unconscious, carefully discuss the characteristics of these fantasies during the day so we feel it and dream of the night thinking of the product mm m
m phase than is appropriate. They dream of the night with many common properties, so perhaps their research is to understand the dream
the shortest and best way.
and dreams, they are wish come true; and dreams, they are mostly rooted in the experience of young children to the impression that when; and
dreams, they are because the review system has been somewhat relaxed the benefits, if carefully observed the structure, we
not difficult to find mm columns of their class and supply of building materials
these modern materials.
from when other effects are not able to show the same mental activities. can simply say that we are talking about a fourth factor for the supply of materials
molded into a number of things like daydreaming. But think dreams If you already have an existing in the fantasy there,
then the dream of a fourth factor in the operation will use the existing materials, and integrate it into the dream content. So some dreams just repeating
fantasy mm during the day may be unconscious. For example, my child dream and the Trojan War hero with the Chi
battlefield (see Chapter III). There I was See Chapter VI Section I), the second part is entirely
fantasy and N during the day I talk to reproduce Professor (This illusion itself is innocent). but these only form an interesting dream fantasy
part of, or only part of the dream into reality, only this interpretation, the dream of many complex production required to meet the conditions
. In general, fantasy, and dream of the other parts are thinking the same way, but In the dream,
it is usually seen as a whole. in my dreams often many parts is unique, and other parts are different, they seem to be more fluent
, more closely, and compare other parts of the dream to be more short-lived. I know these are
into the subconscious dream fantasy, but never successfully down this fantasy. In addition to this point, these fantasies and dreams think of the
He also will be suppressed components, condensation, and the overlap and so on. Of course there are some examples of the middle, in two very
side that invariably result in a dream mm content (at least is the front) were the other one is the extreme opposite, they are just
to one of the elements, or a very remote analogy to render content in the dream, the dream of thinking in the final end of course, fantasy and its
able to meet the role of censorship and condensed degree.
dream in front of the selected cases, when I have avoided reference to the unconscious fantasy that dreams occupy a very important position, because
to introduce the spirit of this special factor, you must first take a long devoted to the unconscious psychology of thinking, but I still do not completely without regard
fantasy, because they are often totally into the dream; more commonly, through the dream and let our consciousness
that, therefore, I am following again refer to a dream case, which contains two of each antagonist was clarified in a fantasy mm,
while the second is the resolution of the former ��143��.
The only thing I did not take note of Note the dream, the content is probably true: the dreamer, a young unmarried man,
was sitting in the restaurant he frequented (in the dream is truly present). and then a few people there, take him away, one of the
even arrest him. He was a partner at the same table, said: said: A woman holding a child.
a guard of his personal, said:
paper, and repeated, looked at the woman and found her face with long beard.
dream in this case, we do not separate the two parts of the surface but was arrested a fantasy, but it seems it seems to be newly
manufacturing operation by the dream. But we still can see the material behind it, which operate with little change by the appearance of a dream and is married
has fantasy mmmm. The two appeared in a dream fantasy interlinked features mm as a very clear set of
Galton Kam photograph. bachelor who promised to return to this hall to hall, and its companion suspicion (because of experience and become more intelligent
), and them in his called back, a lot of paper at the same time repeating the same word in the name of
relatively minor, but it is a special marriage ceremony that is to read a bunch of features mm congratulatory telegram, they call
both with the same name. the illusion of marriage is actually the illusion of surface area to be arrested more successful because the bride was indeed present in the dream
. get the message from the bride I know why the president of the beard last but not through analysis from mm. < br> occurred the day before the dream, the dreamer and a friend (and he was afraid of marriage as shame) a walk in the street, he intended to Friends Note
into their black hair, a beauty, so his friend said: ; I
pay later marriage will make him pay the price of liberty, so in a dream scene for the arrest of deformation.
If we do return to this point of view the operation of a dream like mm that thinking in the use of dreams rather than using ready-made fantasy dream thinking
to another to create a mm then we can solve and dream about one of the most interesting mystery. I have mentioned, gross margin, after the
long dream wake up and find themselves neck are small pieces of wood percussion the mm and the dream he has dreamed of the French Revolution, they have been cut off
guillotine blade on the head, since the dream is still coherent, and according to his interpretation, but to explain it over his wake
stimulus, which stimulus is that he can not be predicted, therefore, only one is possible, that dreams were just knocking on wood
his head, and he wakes formed between the sober moment, we never thought that the activity is
not so fast, so that the dream has to accelerate the operation of the function of our thought processes.
this rapidly become a well-known decision theory, many authors to be fierce opposition.
one hand, they dream of suspected gross correctness on the one hand want to debate thought waking moment of the dream is not slower than the hyperbole of some mm to
if the elimination of the words. The debate raises number of fundamental questions, but I do not think they almost answer. But I must admit,
say I do not think Terry's dream of Maori opposition scaffold make heart convincing. I think this dream may be should like to explain this
. Maori, said that the dream may have been stored for years in his mind's imagination, but it was that he get
stimulus in the wake of that moment is stirred mm or is implied. If so, it is easy to understand why such a long and detailed dream will
within such a short time because it created the story long mm well, if the piece of wood hit the gross margin in the sober moments of
head, then maybe he will think: wish come true; as it is thought (This is the metaphor): It is not easy by
one could doubt, because every young man under the strong impression that will cause exactly like a dream story.
terrorist who will not be that attracted to describe the times it mm In particular, a Frenchman, and also study the history of human civilization was noble scholars mm
men and women, the essence of the country, have shown high interest in them to face death, and before the moment of death still
maintain its noble grace and flexibility of wisdom. for a young attractive imagine how this ah! mm imagine a lady a farewell
mm forward and kissed her hand, and without fear point to the guillotine. or The main ambition but the fantasy action
machine, his own people to replace those horrible is how attractive it! (who only use their intelligence and fluency in oral
only to rule the city tic of the people who like cramps, and tens of thousands of lives with its decision to guillotine and shops throughout the European continent
restructuring under way, while their head is not safe, one day would fall on
under the knife guillotine.) imagine themselves as Girb rondist (by the 1871 Congress of the French Republican peace, its leaders are from the rrokde
state), or the great heroes of Tat Thanh , how exciting is it! This is a
feature of this dream, he was ; ambition notes, and was said to be Mozart's Figaro (as in DonGiovanni
in the same place) as to be driven many out of print, but I do not think the original key words like a
Import all the relations are also excited. subconscious thought processes are the same, which stimulate the wake of his spiritual
imports to excited, and let the fantasy be present throughout the scaffold. but not in a dream fantasy emerge in all the eleven,
it is only out in the recall after waking up. woke up, he remembers it in a holistic manner in a dream fantasy that has inspired all the details
, in which Dream case, we can not prove his dream is indeed remember some things, this interpretation mm that it is prepared in advance
fantasy, and was excited by the stimulus of a wake up mm can be used in other by external stimuli get
waking dream, as Napoleon on the battlefield was awakened by the dream of shells (see Chapter C).
soil wave nest, Jacques Cartier to the length of her on a dream collected papers made the dream, but I think the most valuable horse
Kallio reported having this dream by the playwright Pozzo. one evening, Pozzo want to watch him play for the first time performance, but
is that he is tired like the time when the movie screen pulled up, he fell asleep. in his sleep, he read his full five-act opera to be staged
when the audience and the screen emotional performance in the play was over he was very happy to hear the intense applause and shouting his name.
Suddenly he woke up, but he could not believe my ears or eyes, because the play was staged the first act, but the first few words. He
sleep time will not exceed two minutes. we think will not be too hasty; dreamer watching opera in five acts, and observe the view of the public on the various paragraphs of response
attitudes do not need to sleep by any fresh material out of which may have kept the ground in the fantasy
reproduce it. Soil wave nest, Jacques Cartier and the other authors, stressed that the concept of rapidly poured out of the dream has the same characteristics were
; they are especially coherent (this and other dreams different), but only a summary of their memories rather than the details of the course is that when
operation by the dream have triggered the characteristics of ready-made fantasy, but the author did not point out that this conclusion, I certainly do not claim all the wake
dreams are applicable to this interpretation, or the dream quickly through such ideas are presented reasonable way at
.
where we can not discuss the content of dreams, describe that? that dream condensation forming elements such as the role of mm's efforts to evade censorship
needs, and spiritual expression of ideas, materials mm first by the dream the dream to extract the contents of a provisional, then the temporary Content is subject to re-cast
fully meet this renewed until the and expressive, like a dream thinking it needs to be full of Nepal can be induced and selected from
formed part of dream content, these factors are at the same time, regardless of a dream in which case, a final mention this
Factors to dream a dream of their needs with minimal constraints on the force.
the following discussion will enable us to think that we call the spirit of re-calibration function and brain activity is conscious moments can be exactly the same
: We awake (preconscious) thinking of all the attitude of cognitive material, and the content of this factor
material treated exactly the same dream, of sober thought, we naturally create the order for this and other materials to create mutual
relationships and to meet the reasonable expectations of it. In fact we are doing it too much, the Magic is easy to use these arguments
intellectual habits to fool us. We strive to make all feel impression is often integrated into a reasonable form let us into the most unusual hidden fault
error, or even take away the authenticity of the material veto.
evidence on this point is well known, I do not want spend too much ink. In reading, we often put the wrong
India (and the intent of destroying) the part of the mistake right. France, a best-selling magazine editors who have views and typesetting bet that he can call
workers in a long article, each sentence followed by a a false association's funny about this example.
advocates anarchy once thrown into a bomb exploded in the French National Assembly session opened, the Dupei to the brave words
go) hear the sound of explosions
, but he thought that Congress must Gun each speaker finished soon. The second person may have heard of several meetings, there are
the same conclusion, that the Gun is in addition to his the speech of some particularly successful tribute.
mental institutions therefore treat the same dream content, which requires them to be reasonable at first glance can be explained solutions, but they often resulting
complete misunderstanding (see the sixth chapter). in order to resolve the purpose of our principle is that regardless of any dream
cases, we do not consider the continuity of the surface of a dream, suspected parts with different sources. So whether or the dream itself is clear
ambiguity, we have to follow the path of the elements back to the original dream to think of the material.
Now we can know about the dream of earlier or the ambiguity is not clearly independent, re-calibrated to produce effective
that part is clear by the utility can not happen is vague, ambiguous and because part of the dream is not always clear
, so that we can assert that the operation of the renewal of the dream of all dreams are to contribute elements of strength.
if I want to find a property and this dream as the final form (the assistance of normal thinking) phase match, then there is no
float page than those who have long fascinated its readers enigmatic statement to be more appropriate to the Ming. from the book to read
the impression of a word like the Latin Ming mm and in fact some of the most vulgar dialect (For comparison's sake). For this purpose
the , so the dialect words in the sentence alphabetical mess, and rearrange them. So from time to time some real pull
D text, some places like a Latin abbreviation for the word, while other parts like we see some out a number of letters, or coated
delete the text, so ignore the text of each independent meaningless. In order not to be fooled, we must abandon the search word in the enterprise
seeking Ming, watching every word, regardless of their but it looks to re-arrange how to form their own mother tongue, so as to understand.
re-calibration operation of the four elements of a dream that most of the best that can be observed and understand its significance, Ellis had an interesting description of
through its function: ! the material collection is good, will they discharge
any order will do a good mm mm it again before the real power. r Description: the spirit of the illusion of these are not consistent efforts to feel and do during the day
its coordination, as it is to imagine all the separate images link to link, and make great
gap between them to fill the.
according to other authors claim, restructuring and explain the procedures that the dream began and ended consecutive to sober as
, so package Han said: There may be some degree of deformation or re-form, in memory
in hh and that the imagination to produce a systematic effect on sleep start, but will have to complete the wake up. So the thought
velocity moment of imagination in the role of conscious will be significantly increased. ,
but also need to use a sober moment hh achievement. Geluo that such creative work is
generated in the wake that instant, and floating point card even further the idea that the clear emerging trend will sleep Manufacturing
Dreams. this point of view, Lee & Lo and soil litter, Jacques Cartier wave has the following comments, images generated manufacturing into. . I have mentioned earlier (see Chapter D), the Cypriot's extremely tired and in a state of drowsy
force yourself to engage in intellectual activities, they found themselves put thoughts into images. In that moment, when he thinking
to handle missing, but in some images to replace such abstract ideas. but this time generated images (the elements of a dream can be compared relative to
) sometimes is not engaged in intellectual activities mm or mean and tired, and work related difficulties and unpleasant.
also means that the subjective and the situation in which workers and functions, but not with the activities he engaged in the material like no association. Cypriots that's the
often called the functional nature of the events are like, not what he expected
philosophical questions asked. I want to compare the time of Kant and Schopenhauer's views. But because too tired, I can not immediately compete
of them both come to mind at the same time, which is the necessary condition for their mutual comparison. After several futile attempts, I will again
degrees with all of Kant's reasoning to come to mind in order to be able to compare and Schopenhauer. But when I pay attention to power transfer to the rear
who then returns the time of Kant's argument has found his escape, and I can then dig it out. For should hide his head in Kant
theory to find out futile attempt to make it in front of me suddenly in a real, present the image form,
like a dream image of the same: a bad temper, I asked the secretary of something, when he was bent over V
table in the office work, displeased that the interference of urgent problems, so a half straight with the body, refused to give me an angry face.
(from Se Bola)
The following is a between awake and sleep on the other between the examples (all taken from the plug's).
situation occurs: morning, when sober, when I was in some degree of sleep state (half asleep), the and
and remember the dream just done, you want to repeat and continue to find themselves closer to a clear, but psychology has to stay in this hazy moment
.
dream scenario : I put one foot cross to the other side of the stream, but it pulled his feet back, because I want to stay in
side.
six cases: four cases occurred in the same situation and (he wants more not slept in bed for a time), Goodbye Time. and in the latter related to Cyprus's case strongly approved, in many a dream, a dream
was the last part of (the next is waking up), often only show a clear process, or a clear desire, which kinds of performance
may cross the threshold (the threshold like a sign), from one room to another room, away, home, and friends goodbye, dive into the water
in, etc., but by their own dreams, or of others the dream, I can not find a lot and sign on the threshold of a dream like elements,
the plug's writings have helped us look more like a sign to find.
However, this threshold may be interpreted as the sign middle part of the dream mm for instance, and from the deep sleep, and woke up
waiting time. However, conclusive evidence in this regard have not found (see below Chapter VII of the C Freund's comments on this point.) The
more common example is the over-determined, in these examples, think of them and dream the dream content is linked to the performance of a more spiritual state of
.
Cyprus's performance of this interesting functionality is like (though the fault is not the author), has led to many abuses: it is
considered to support those old signs and the abstract to resolve as evidence of a dream. Many like this ; of thinking in the dream
even has some intellectual activity or emotional process, said it is functionality is like, although the residues left over from the day before yesterday
thing, no better than the other materials more or less the right to dream.
We believe that Cyprus is currently sober moments like the idea but the formation of the dream of a second contribution. (We have
first contribution to a more positive again be discussed under the name before.) We have shown that attention continue to operate during the day and sleep the dreams that guide
, limitations with it, criticize it, and retains the right to interrupt them. Look at this body awakened the spirit kept
trial investigation officer , which is in the form of dreams with a strong restriction, the Cypriot's additional observation can, in some circumstances self-concept also plays a
police role, and form part of the dream content. This self-observation agencies (perhaps in the minds of philosophers
specifically developed) and other such spiritual insight, observation of the illusion, conscience, dream review the relationship between the official and other, perhaps
discussed elsewhere on the more appropriate.
Now I will dream about this long discussion of the operation to extract that we have been asked whether the spirit of all its remaining strength
or restricted only in part to create a dream, the study found that this problem is not appropriate, but if we are forced to
must answer, then we say that both are right, although it seems these two answers are mutually exclusive, and in the manufacture of
when the dream We can distinguish two kinds of mental activities: the generation of dream thinking, as well as the contents of them into a dream, the dream is
rational thinking, it is the spirit we can have all the energy produced, and they belong to those who are not consciousness of thinking through some of
mm to process variation, this procedure also produces our conscious thoughts. Undoubtedly, the dream of thinking has much to explore,
there are many mysterious place, but it and the dream of no special relationship So forget the dream to be discussed under the premise but
spiritual formation of the second dream (the unconscious ...
mm that is a significant dream content and dream of thinking of the reason behind it compared to mm then they would have to brand-
encounter some new hypothesis to explain the elements, my mind still remember some of the examples in the dream the dreamer surprised, angry, rejected
must, and this is just As part of the contents caused by the dream. the previous section many examples, we can easily find in these dreams
feel and content of the emergency is not uniform, but part of a dream thinking that I will be in the appropriate case show up,
but many of these materials can not explain this: the relationship between it and the dream of thinking can not be found. For example, the phrase often found in dreams
words: only common is it tight with some
uneasy feeling, but later found to be calm and go on a dream. When dreams have a laughter in the play La beliehelene mouth out with the same meaning as ��138��: it is but just to reduce
experience less importance to the event, and to experience the next generation will be accepted more easily. It The purpose of the
can continue to sleep on more comfortable, and put all my dreams, because produced
: when it never really sleep under review system that inadvertently produced to a dream, too late to potential suppression, so
review system had to deal with these words thus its anxiety. This is just the spirit of censorship
esb pritdescalier an example.
This enabled us to confirm that every dream, things are not all from the dream of thinking, and sometimes the content can be from one and sober head comparable to the spirit of the functions
created. But the problem is that this situation is the exception, or addition to a review outside the mental activities such
dream content also occupy part of routine do?
We cents do not hesitate to think the latter is correct, although the review body that is removed and restrictions on dream content, but it also
can add or insert some circumstances. The plot is inserted easily recognizable. Often referred to the dreamer point-free
not hesitate, but preceded by the letters part of the link. and really think of the material comes from comparing the dream that it is less likely to stay there
mind; If we dream to forget, then this part of the memory is the first to lose. I wonder how often Resentment
heard words: The thought caused a complete analysis of the process in some cases we found it and dream of nothing to think of the material
. But after a careful study, I found that this is not common; the inserted part is usually traceable to a dream , but can not
or precedent in their own way the power to render the dream, it seems that only in very special circumstances, this spirit will live
move to create new things, most of the cases, think it is the use of the material dream.
this dream but the factors of the operation of its purpose, which is part of the disclosure of their identity ��139��. this function and poetry
philosopher who described the wording of malicious the same: is successful.
face of it, dream often is logical and reasonable; from a possible, and then sent through a series of development and get a Jinli
conclusions (although not too common) . This type of dream must have received the spirit of such functions (and sober
no different when the head) a lot of amendments; they seem to be meaningful, but it really means much, and the same is not
. If you analyze them one by one we can easily find re-calibration is free to play with the dream material, and the relationship between them minimize
. These dreams can be presented to the conscious brain has not previously had been resolution over the
��141��. In other dreams case, such a bias correction can only be partially successful only. part of the dream seems to
is very reasonable, but then they become vague, meaningless; may again become the next reasonable. There are some dream cases, school
is a total failure, because that is just a bunch of meaningless fragments of dreams just combined.
I do not deny that This factor is the existence of a fourth generation dream mm long we will be very familiar with it.
fact, it is the four factors, we are most familiar with a mm I do not want to deny this fourth factor has provided to the dream New
contributions, but as far as we know it, and other factors, just as the existing use of the material in the dream thinking, according to their preferences to select
choice. is an example, it does not require hard work to build aircraft for the dream mm a positive sounding as it already exists in the thinking in the dream
. I used to think these dreams as fantasy; and this and sober moment that the reader can avoid misunderstandings. psychiatrists in the spiritual life of its role is unclear, though,
friends satisfied the first in this area have a good start ��142��. but daydream The meaning of a poet can not escape the eyes
no missed, for instance, are famous German Governor adults in a small role in the description of daydreaming (see Chapter B). on < br> study of patients with mental disorders and we are very surprised to find that dream (or daydream) but the direct predecessor of the symptoms of hysteria,
at least as much if not all. hysterical symptoms are not real memories and associated but on some basic
in memory of the fantasy. because they realize that fantasies often occur during the day, so we are able to understand the structure. However,
addition to those aware of the fantasy, there are more The unconscious fantasy mm and its contents caused by the potential inhibition of the reason they changed
reason for the unconscious, carefully discuss the characteristics of these fantasies during the day so we feel it and dream of the night thinking of the product mm m
m phase than is appropriate. They dream of the night with many common properties, so perhaps their research is to understand the dream
the shortest and best way.
and dreams, they are wish come true; and dreams, they are mostly rooted in the experience of young children to the impression that when; and
dreams, they are because the review system has been somewhat relaxed the benefits, if carefully observed the structure, we
not difficult to find mm columns of their class and supply of building materials
these modern materials.
from when other effects are not able to show the same mental activities. can simply say that we are talking about a fourth factor for the supply of materials
molded into a number of things like daydreaming. But think dreams If you already have an existing in the fantasy there,
then the dream of a fourth factor in the operation will use the existing materials, and integrate it into the dream content. So some dreams just repeating
fantasy mm during the day may be unconscious. For example, my child dream and the Trojan War hero with the Chi
battlefield (see Chapter III). There I was See Chapter VI Section I), the second part is entirely
fantasy and N during the day I talk to reproduce Professor (This illusion itself is innocent). but these only form an interesting dream fantasy
part of, or only part of the dream into reality, only this interpretation, the dream of many complex production required to meet the conditions
. In general, fantasy, and dream of the other parts are thinking the same way, but In the dream,
it is usually seen as a whole. in my dreams often many parts is unique, and other parts are different, they seem to be more fluent
, more closely, and compare other parts of the dream to be more short-lived. I know these are
into the subconscious dream fantasy, but never successfully down this fantasy. In addition to this point, these fantasies and dreams think of the
He also will be suppressed components, condensation, and the overlap and so on. Of course there are some examples of the middle, in two very
side that invariably result in a dream mm content (at least is the front) were the other one is the extreme opposite, they are just
to one of the elements, or a very remote analogy to render content in the dream, the dream of thinking in the final end of course, fantasy and its
able to meet the role of censorship and condensed degree.
dream in front of the selected cases, when I have avoided reference to the unconscious fantasy that dreams occupy a very important position, because
to introduce the spirit of this special factor, you must first take a long devoted to the unconscious psychology of thinking, but I still do not completely without regard
fantasy, because they are often totally into the dream; more commonly, through the dream and let our consciousness
that, therefore, I am following again refer to a dream case, which contains two of each antagonist was clarified in a fantasy mm,
while the second is the resolution of the former ��143��.
The only thing I did not take note of Note the dream, the content is probably true: the dreamer, a young unmarried man,
was sitting in the restaurant he frequented (in the dream is truly present). and then a few people there, take him away, one of the
even arrest him. He was a partner at the same table, said: said: A woman holding a child.
a guard of his personal, said:
paper, and repeated, looked at the woman and found her face with long beard.
dream in this case, we do not separate the two parts of the surface but was arrested a fantasy, but it seems it seems to be newly
manufacturing operation by the dream. But we still can see the material behind it, which operate with little change by the appearance of a dream and is married
has fantasy mmmm. The two appeared in a dream fantasy interlinked features mm as a very clear set of
Galton Kam photograph. bachelor who promised to return to this hall to hall, and its companion suspicion (because of experience and become more intelligent
), and them in his called back, a lot of paper at the same time repeating the same word in the name of
relatively minor, but it is a special marriage ceremony that is to read a bunch of features mm congratulatory telegram, they call
both with the same name. the illusion of marriage is actually the illusion of surface area to be arrested more successful because the bride was indeed present in the dream
. get the message from the bride I know why the president of the beard last but not through analysis from mm. < br> occurred the day before the dream, the dreamer and a friend (and he was afraid of marriage as shame) a walk in the street, he intended to Friends Note
into their black hair, a beauty, so his friend said: ; I
pay later marriage will make him pay the price of liberty, so in a dream scene for the arrest of deformation.
If we do return to this point of view the operation of a dream like mm that thinking in the use of dreams rather than using ready-made fantasy dream thinking
to another to create a mm then we can solve and dream about one of the most interesting mystery. I have mentioned, gross margin, after the
long dream wake up and find themselves neck are small pieces of wood percussion the mm and the dream he has dreamed of the French Revolution, they have been cut off
guillotine blade on the head, since the dream is still coherent, and according to his interpretation, but to explain it over his wake
stimulus, which stimulus is that he can not be predicted, therefore, only one is possible, that dreams were just knocking on wood
his head, and he wakes formed between the sober moment, we never thought that the activity is
not so fast, so that the dream has to accelerate the operation of the function of our thought processes.
this rapidly become a well-known decision theory, many authors to be fierce opposition.
one hand, they dream of suspected gross correctness on the one hand want to debate thought waking moment of the dream is not slower than the hyperbole of some mm to
if the elimination of the words. The debate raises number of fundamental questions, but I do not think they almost answer. But I must admit,
say I do not think Terry's dream of Maori opposition scaffold make heart convincing. I think this dream may be should like to explain this
. Maori, said that the dream may have been stored for years in his mind's imagination, but it was that he get
stimulus in the wake of that moment is stirred mm or is implied. If so, it is easy to understand why such a long and detailed dream will
within such a short time because it created the story long mm well, if the piece of wood hit the gross margin in the sober moments of
head, then maybe he will think: wish come true; as it is thought (This is the metaphor): It is not easy by
one could doubt, because every young man under the strong impression that will cause exactly like a dream story.
terrorist who will not be that attracted to describe the times it mm In particular, a Frenchman, and also study the history of human civilization was noble scholars mm
men and women, the essence of the country, have shown high interest in them to face death, and before the moment of death still
maintain its noble grace and flexibility of wisdom. for a young attractive imagine how this ah! mm imagine a lady a farewell
mm forward and kissed her hand, and without fear point to the guillotine. or The main ambition but the fantasy action
machine, his own people to replace those horrible is how attractive it! (who only use their intelligence and fluency in oral
only to rule the city tic of the people who like cramps, and tens of thousands of lives with its decision to guillotine and shops throughout the European continent
restructuring under way, while their head is not safe, one day would fall on
under the knife guillotine.) imagine themselves as Girb rondist (by the 1871 Congress of the French Republican peace, its leaders are from the rrokde
state), or the great heroes of Tat Thanh , how exciting is it! This is a
feature of this dream, he was ; ambition notes, and was said to be Mozart's Figaro (as in DonGiovanni
in the same place) as to be driven many out of print, but I do not think the original key words like a
Import all the relations are also excited. subconscious thought processes are the same, which stimulate the wake of his spiritual
imports to excited, and let the fantasy be present throughout the scaffold. but not in a dream fantasy emerge in all the eleven,
it is only out in the recall after waking up. woke up, he remembers it in a holistic manner in a dream fantasy that has inspired all the details
, in which Dream case, we can not prove his dream is indeed remember some things, this interpretation mm that it is prepared in advance
fantasy, and was excited by the stimulus of a wake up mm can be used in other by external stimuli get
waking dream, as Napoleon on the battlefield was awakened by the dream of shells (see Chapter C).
soil wave nest, Jacques Cartier to the length of her on a dream collected papers made the dream, but I think the most valuable horse
Kallio reported having this dream by the playwright Pozzo. one evening, Pozzo want to watch him play for the first time performance, but
is that he is tired like the time when the movie screen pulled up, he fell asleep. in his sleep, he read his full five-act opera to be staged
when the audience and the screen emotional performance in the play was over he was very happy to hear the intense applause and shouting his name.
Suddenly he woke up, but he could not believe my ears or eyes, because the play was staged the first act, but the first few words. He
sleep time will not exceed two minutes. we think will not be too hasty; dreamer watching opera in five acts, and observe the view of the public on the various paragraphs of response
attitudes do not need to sleep by any fresh material out of which may have kept the ground in the fantasy
reproduce it. Soil wave nest, Jacques Cartier and the other authors, stressed that the concept of rapidly poured out of the dream has the same characteristics were
; they are especially coherent (this and other dreams different), but only a summary of their memories rather than the details of the course is that when
operation by the dream have triggered the characteristics of ready-made fantasy, but the author did not point out that this conclusion, I certainly do not claim all the wake
dreams are applicable to this interpretation, or the dream quickly through such ideas are presented reasonable way at
.
where we can not discuss the content of dreams, describe that? that dream condensation forming elements such as the role of mm's efforts to evade censorship
needs, and spiritual expression of ideas, materials mm first by the dream the dream to extract the contents of a provisional, then the temporary Content is subject to re-cast
fully meet this renewed until the and expressive, like a dream thinking it needs to be full of Nepal can be induced and selected from
formed part of dream content, these factors are at the same time, regardless of a dream in which case, a final mention this
Factors to dream a dream of their needs with minimal constraints on the force.
the following discussion will enable us to think that we call the spirit of re-calibration function and brain activity is conscious moments can be exactly the same
: We awake (preconscious) thinking of all the attitude of cognitive material, and the content of this factor
material treated exactly the same dream, of sober thought, we naturally create the order for this and other materials to create mutual
relationships and to meet the reasonable expectations of it. In fact we are doing it too much, the Magic is easy to use these arguments
intellectual habits to fool us. We strive to make all feel impression is often integrated into a reasonable form let us into the most unusual hidden fault
error, or even take away the authenticity of the material veto.
evidence on this point is well known, I do not want spend too much ink. In reading, we often put the wrong
India (and the intent of destroying) the part of the mistake right. France, a best-selling magazine editors who have views and typesetting bet that he can call
workers in a long article, each sentence followed by a a false association's funny about this example.
advocates anarchy once thrown into a bomb exploded in the French National Assembly session opened, the Dupei to the brave words
go) hear the sound of explosions
, but he thought that Congress must Gun each speaker finished soon. The second person may have heard of several meetings, there are
the same conclusion, that the Gun is in addition to his the speech of some particularly successful tribute.
mental institutions therefore treat the same dream content, which requires them to be reasonable at first glance can be explained solutions, but they often resulting
complete misunderstanding (see the sixth chapter). in order to resolve the purpose of our principle is that regardless of any dream
cases, we do not consider the continuity of the surface of a dream, suspected parts with different sources. So whether or the dream itself is clear
ambiguity, we have to follow the path of the elements back to the original dream to think of the material.
Now we can know about the dream of earlier or the ambiguity is not clearly independent, re-calibrated to produce effective
that part is clear by the utility can not happen is vague, ambiguous and because part of the dream is not always clear
, so that we can assert that the operation of the renewal of the dream of all dreams are to contribute elements of strength.
if I want to find a property and this dream as the final form (the assistance of normal thinking) phase match, then there is no
float page than those who have long fascinated its readers enigmatic statement to be more appropriate to the Ming. from the book to read
the impression of a word like the Latin Ming mm and in fact some of the most vulgar dialect (For comparison's sake). For this purpose
the , so the dialect words in the sentence alphabetical mess, and rearrange them. So from time to time some real pull
D text, some places like a Latin abbreviation for the word, while other parts like we see some out a number of letters, or coated
delete the text, so ignore the text of each independent meaningless. In order not to be fooled, we must abandon the search word in the enterprise
seeking Ming, watching every word, regardless of their but it looks to re-arrange how to form their own mother tongue, so as to understand.
re-calibration operation of the four elements of a dream that most of the best that can be observed and understand its significance, Ellis had an interesting description of
through its function: ! the material collection is good, will they discharge
any order will do a good mm mm it again before the real power. r Description: the spirit of the illusion of these are not consistent efforts to feel and do during the day
its coordination, as it is to imagine all the separate images link to link, and make great
gap between them to fill the.
according to other authors claim, restructuring and explain the procedures that the dream began and ended consecutive to sober as
, so package Han said: There may be some degree of deformation or re-form, in memory
in hh and that the imagination to produce a systematic effect on sleep start, but will have to complete the wake up. So the thought
velocity moment of imagination in the role of conscious will be significantly increased. ,
but also need to use a sober moment hh achievement. Geluo that such creative work is
generated in the wake that instant, and floating point card even further the idea that the clear emerging trend will sleep Manufacturing
Dreams. this point of view, Lee & Lo and soil litter, Jacques Cartier wave has the following comments, images generated manufacturing into. . I have mentioned earlier (see Chapter D), the Cypriot's extremely tired and in a state of drowsy
force yourself to engage in intellectual activities, they found themselves put thoughts into images. In that moment, when he thinking
to handle missing, but in some images to replace such abstract ideas. but this time generated images (the elements of a dream can be compared relative to
) sometimes is not engaged in intellectual activities mm or mean and tired, and work related difficulties and unpleasant.
also means that the subjective and the situation in which workers and functions, but not with the activities he engaged in the material like no association. Cypriots that's the
often called the functional nature of the events are like, not what he expected
philosophical questions asked. I want to compare the time of Kant and Schopenhauer's views. But because too tired, I can not immediately compete
of them both come to mind at the same time, which is the necessary condition for their mutual comparison. After several futile attempts, I will again
degrees with all of Kant's reasoning to come to mind in order to be able to compare and Schopenhauer. But when I pay attention to power transfer to the rear
who then returns the time of Kant's argument has found his escape, and I can then dig it out. For should hide his head in Kant
theory to find out futile attempt to make it in front of me suddenly in a real, present the image form,
like a dream image of the same: a bad temper, I asked the secretary of something, when he was bent over V
table in the office work, displeased that the interference of urgent problems, so a half straight with the body, refused to give me an angry face.
(from Se Bola)
The following is a between awake and sleep on the other between the examples (all taken from the plug's).
situation occurs: morning, when sober, when I was in some degree of sleep state (half asleep), the and
and remember the dream just done, you want to repeat and continue to find themselves closer to a clear, but psychology has to stay in this hazy moment
.
dream scenario : I put one foot cross to the other side of the stream, but it pulled his feet back, because I want to stay in
side.
six cases: four cases occurred in the same situation and (he wants more not slept in bed for a time), Goodbye Time. and in the latter related to Cyprus's case strongly approved, in many a dream, a dream
was the last part of (the next is waking up), often only show a clear process, or a clear desire, which kinds of performance
may cross the threshold (the threshold like a sign), from one room to another room, away, home, and friends goodbye, dive into the water
in, etc., but by their own dreams, or of others the dream, I can not find a lot and sign on the threshold of a dream like elements,
the plug's writings have helped us look more like a sign to find.
However, this threshold may be interpreted as the sign middle part of the dream mm for instance, and from the deep sleep, and woke up
waiting time. However, conclusive evidence in this regard have not found (see below Chapter VII of the C Freund's comments on this point.) The
more common example is the over-determined, in these examples, think of them and dream the dream content is linked to the performance of a more spiritual state of
.
Cyprus's performance of this interesting functionality is like (though the fault is not the author), has led to many abuses: it is
considered to support those old signs and the abstract to resolve as evidence of a dream. Many like this ; of thinking in the dream
even has some intellectual activity or emotional process, said it is functionality is like, although the residues left over from the day before yesterday
thing, no better than the other materials more or less the right to dream.
We believe that Cyprus is currently sober moments like the idea but the formation of the dream of a second contribution. (We have
first contribution to a more positive again be discussed under the name before.) We have shown that attention continue to operate during the day and sleep the dreams that guide
, limitations with it, criticize it, and retains the right to interrupt them. Look at this body awakened the spirit kept
trial investigation officer , which is in the form of dreams with a strong restriction, the Cypriot's additional observation can, in some circumstances self-concept also plays a
police role, and form part of the dream content. This self-observation agencies (perhaps in the minds of philosophers
specifically developed) and other such spiritual insight, observation of the illusion, conscience, dream review the relationship between the official and other, perhaps
discussed elsewhere on the more appropriate.
Now I will dream about this long discussion of the operation to extract that we have been asked whether the spirit of all its remaining strength
or restricted only in part to create a dream, the study found that this problem is not appropriate, but if we are forced to
must answer, then we say that both are right, although it seems these two answers are mutually exclusive, and in the manufacture of
when the dream We can distinguish two kinds of mental activities: the generation of dream thinking, as well as the contents of them into a dream, the dream is
rational thinking, it is the spirit we can have all the energy produced, and they belong to those who are not consciousness of thinking through some of
mm to process variation, this procedure also produces our conscious thoughts. Undoubtedly, the dream of thinking has much to explore,
there are many mysterious place, but it and the dream of no special relationship So forget the dream to be discussed under the premise but
spiritual formation of the second dream (the unconscious ...
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